Abstract:
This is the second precursory paper to the forthcoming publication of a Forester's Manual of the Dipterocarpaceae of Brunei State. Taxonomic and nomenclatural discussion is out of place in the Manual and this paper is therefore presented in order to explain changes that have been made. The late Dr. D. F. van Slooten and C. F. Symington have between them written much on the infrageneric divisions recognisable within Malaysian dipterocarp genera. Symington (1943 and elsewhere) had crystallised his views on this problem, but never proceeded to a complete revision of the infrageneric classifications or to formal publication of new infrageneric taxa. This gap has remained, and therefore must be filled before further manuals or monographs of the family are completed. I have found it necessary to make nomenclatural changes in most genera where infrageneric divisions are recognised; the present paper explains my reasons for these. With the much more complete herbarium material now available, particularly from Borneo, the subdivision of the large genera Shorea and Hopea, which Symington has already done so much to elicidate, can now be reassessed. Here, though agreeing with Symington on the basis for subdivisions, I have, with the exception of one section, found it unnecessary to create new names; they have already been provided by Brandis (1895), Heim (1892) and other previous monographers, though in many cases a redefinition is necessary. I wish to thank the Directors of the following herbaria for putting their facilities at my disposal during my visits to study Dipterocarpaceae: Bangkok Forest Herbarium, Bangkok Agricultural Herbarium, Herbarium Bogoriense, the British Museum, the British Pharmaceutical Society, Cambridge, Kepong, Kew, Kuching, Leiden, the Linnean Society, Oxford, Paris, Sandakan, Singapore and Utrecht. I further thank the Directors of the following herbaria for the loan of material to me at Cambridge: Berkeley, Calcutta, Copenhagen, Florence, Kepong, Kuching, Leiden, and Paris. In order to avoid synonymy when describing new Dipterocarpaceae in my last paper (this journal, 19, 2 (1962) 253), I examined the Type material of all Dipterocarpaceae occuring between Celebes and the Isthmus of Kra. I have been able to discover the true identity of all but two of the species described to date from this area, including species founded on sapling or fallen leaves by Korthals (1841), De Vriese (1861, b) and others. The second purpose of this paper is to explain my reasons for changes in nomenclature and synonomy that I have found necessary. In addition, I have described one more species, Shorea crassa, which was not fully understood by me at the time of completion of my last paper, and have given taxonomic status to the geographical subspecies of some Dipterocarpus and Shorea species. As full field and herbarium descriptions are given in my forthcoming manual, I have excluded them here, though short diagnosis are included with some species in order to clarify my arguments. I have to thank in particular Mr. E. J. H. Corner, F.R.S., for his continued advice and encouragement, and Mr. B. E. Smythies, Dr. W. Meijer, who is also completing a manual, on North Borneo Sell, of Cambridge Herbarium, has on several occasions offered advice on nomenclatural problems. The work has been carried out under the auspices of the Government of Brunei, and my thanks are due to them for their financial support.

Abstract:
Very few plant diseases had been recorded from Sarawak until Johnston (1960), carried out a preliminary survey in 1959. The list given below consists of previously unrecorded diseases, together with a number of entomogenous fungi, noted or collected by the writer from the time of his arrival in Sarawak, in August 1960, until the end of 1961. Fifteen of these records appear in the Annual Report of the Department of Agriculture for 1961, but most of them were identified after the Report had been sent to the press. The causal organisms are listed alphabetically under their individual hosts. The frequency of occurrence is given, together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where the identification has been performed by the Institute.

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
Poikilospermum is a genus of Urticaceae with twenty species segregated into two subgenera viz., subgen. Poikilospermum and subgen. Ligulistigma. Morphologically, this genus is rather intermediate between the Moraceae and the Urticaceae: the vegetative structures are moraceous while the reproductive parts are urticaceous. Decision to regard this genus as one of Urticaceae is based on mainly on the fact that ovules of all the species of Poikilospermum are orthotropus and basally fixed, a characteristic of the Urticaceae. Species of subgenus Poikilospermum are mainly found in Eastern Malaysia whereas those subgenus Ligulistigma are mainly Western Malaysian.

Abstract:
While arranging the specimens of MELASTOMATACEAE from the herbaria of Singapore and Sarawak certain systematic anomalies or confusions that were noticed, were cleared to form the subjects of these notes.

Abstract:
From June to July in 1961, I joined an expedition to Guning Mulu, Sarawak.  During the trip, pickled and herbarium specimens of Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. F. were collected. As our present knowledge of this interesting species is still more or less limited to the incomplete descriptions prepared by Hooker f. in 1852 and bt Pilger in 1903, a comprehensive description of the external morphology and a drawing both made from authentic specimens, are here presented. An anatomical study of the seedling, phylloclade, male and female strobili, and young seed of this species will be published elsewhere.  Many specimens of this plant from various geographical regions, cited in this paper, are deposited in the herbarium of the Singapore Botanic Gardens. For the facilities provided, I am greatly indebted to Mr. H. M. Burkill, Director of the Gardens. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Professor H. B. Gilliland for his encouragement during the progress of this study and for reviewing the manuscript, and to Dr. J. A. R. Anderson, for his distinguished leadership during the expedition.

Abstract:
The genus Phyllocladus Louis Claude Marie Richard occupies an equivocal position in the conifers. The opportunity to collect and study material of the hitherto little known species, Phyllocladus hypophyllus Hook. F., suggested a review of the perennial taxonomic problem surrounding this genus in the light of new information. The object of this paper is to re-assess the taxonomic position of Phyllocladus among the higher categories in the conifers. The apparently conflicting morphological features of Phyllocladus lead to quite diverse taxonomic treatment of the genus, depending on the relative weight assigned to these features. For example, the leafy microsporophyll bearing two microsporangia at the base and the winged microspores resemble those of Podocarpus and allied genera; the erect ovules and the peculiar arillus structure appears to be similar to those of Taxus and allied genera. For this reason, there are two different ways of classifying this genus. The first is to consider Phyllocladus as representing a third taxon intermediate between Podocarpus and allies and Taxus and allies. The second is to regard Phyllocladus as a part of the taxon in which Podocarpus and its allies are included. There is also involved the question of the family concept of the Taxaceae. In a broad sense, Taxaceae contain both Podocarpus and its allies aa well as taxus and its allies; the former constitute the tribe Podocarpineae, and the latter, Taxineae. In a narrow sense, Taxaceae include Taxus and allied genera only, where as Podocarpus and allied genera form a separate family, Podocarpaceae. Thus far, four different ways of classifying the genus Phyllocladus have been proposed.

Abstract:
Small collections of mosses from West New Guinea have been recorded by Dixon, Brotherus, Fleischer and Reimers; while a large collection from Mt. Wilhelmina was made by Brass and Myer-drees and recorded by Bartram (1942). A small collection of liverworts was collected by Takari Tuyama in Vogelkop in 1943 and was recorded by Hattori (1951). Records of an extensive collection of mosses from Eastern Papua were made by Bartram (1957). Records from the Territory of New Guinea of mosses collected by the Count and Countess Nils and Greta Gyldenstolpe in the Mt Hagen district were given by Bartram (1953). Further collections in the Highlands of Eastern New Guinea were made by Hoogland in 1953 and Robins 1957. These collections were recorded by Bartram (1959). The bryophyte flora of New Guinea is immensely rich and very imperfectly known (Bartram, 1959), although it has a considerable affinity with the flora of the rest of Malaysia, there are a large number of endemic species; while alpine and sub-alpine species show a close relationship with the flora of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.  Professor Gilliland's collection was made in September 1960 in two places :- Chimbu and the Daulo Pass (6,000 - 8,170 ft.) Australian Territory of New Guinea.  The numbers assigned to the bryophytes are accession numbers of the Bryophyte Herbarium of the University of Singapore.

Abstract:
Small samples of soil from the Australian territory of New Guinea were received together with Bryophytes collected by Professor H. B. gilliland in 1960. These samples were kept in polythene bags and owing to transport difficulties, did not reach this labotatory until one year after their dispatch. The soil was carefully separated from the Bryophytes which have been described in a previous paper. Two sets of soil cultures were set up :- (i) moist culture, i.e. samples of soil placed in sterile petri-dishes and exposed to continuous light; (ii) liquid cultures in nutritive medium, following the method of John (1942). In both types of culture there was a vigorous growth of algae and there was considerable correspondence between algae which appeared in moist and liquid culture of the same sample. Four samples were obtained from localities on the Daulo Pass, 6,000 - 8,000 ft.; while a fifth was obtained from Chimbu. In all cases the soil was collected from 1-2 cm of the surface.

Abstract:
Aglae are present in Malayan soils to a depth of several centimeters or sometimes to one meter. Deeply buried subterranean forms probably have their origin from the soil surface having been washed down by rain, aided by the movement of soil animals and by cultivation. These algae are undoubtedly in complete darkness and must survive as saprophytes (Tiffany,1951). In general they are of little importance in soil economy. On the other hand, the truly epiterranean forms which remain at or near the soil surface are exceedingly important since they can increase the organic content of the surface layers of the soil by photosynthesis, while certain Nostocaceae can contribute to the fertility of the soil by nitrogen fixation (de, 1939). Soil algae are exceedingly important ecologically particularly in tropical regions as first colonisers of bare ground. Many algae assist in the actual disintegration of a rock surface to form soil, in addition to forming an organic matrix suitable for higher plant growth.  (Fritsch, 1907; Treub, 1888). Investigation of surface algae in Europe include those of Petersen (1935); Bristol (1920); James (1935) and John (1942). In America Coyle (1935); Booth (1941); Lowe & Moyse (1934); Moore & Carter (1926) and many others have made studies of the soil flora of different districts.  Valuable contributions to our knowledge of soil algae of Ceylon were made by Fritsch (1907, 1907 a, 1907 b). Ghose gives an account of the Cyanophyceae of Lahore and Simla (1923). As far as I am aware the only paper on Malayan soil algae is that of Bristol (1919).                                                        

Abstract:
The recent Royal Society Expedition to North Borneo, 1961 has produced three interesting new species and four new varieties, illustrative of the richness of the Bornean flora in this genus. One species, F. diandra, was found within a few miles of Kuching. Exploration of New Guinea forests is producing now a crop of climbing species sect. Rhizocladus, and I have taken the opportunity to illustrate the figs of some species of this intricate section.

Abstract:
No family has such small standardised flowers, yet such an astonishing array of infructescences. Acquaintance with Morus leads to the supposition that these tropical accomplishments are recent developments of little significance to scientific theory. Acquaintance with the tropical plants shows, in contrast, that Morus is one of the more derived and reduced genera conforming with temperate simplicity. By denying itself so much in this way that is tropical, botany loses its grip.  Ficus and Artocarpus are two vivid lights, but no student of the phylogeny of flowering plants has seen them. As morphology shifts to the tropics, the family will be appreciated. It holds many fascinating problems of vestigal features, tranference of function, and parallel evoloution. My contribution now is merely an interim development of the static classification into which the family has subsided. Much has still to be learnt of the American genera, not only from the herbarium, but from the forests in which they survive. There is, for instance, the unique Palmolmedia described by Ducke in 1939.

Abstract:
A Forester's Manual of Brunei's Dipterocarpaceae is in preparation. The present paper provides descriptions for species which will be included in the Manual but which have not as yet been published. Of these several have been recognised for some time past by foresters; Hopea vaccinifolia, Shorea geniculata, and S. myrionerva were recognised but not described by Symington over twenty years ago, and these names were used by him and subsequent collectors on herbarium sheets. Wyatt-Smith prepared, but did not complete, a paper on the tree Parashorea species, and I am grateful to him for handing this over to me for completion. S. rubra, S. agami, and S. flaviflora were names suggested by G.H.S. Wood, and preparatory notes were made by him for description of the latter. S. slooteni was described by him in ms. as S. vanslooteni, and S. pilosa as S. tomentosa. The very distinct S. isoptera was named by Wood in ms. as Neohopea isoptera, but I am of the opinion that its affinities are too close to Shorea to merit generic status. Kepong code letters were assigned to several of the species here described: P. macrophylla = P.sp.P., P. parvifolia = P. sp. D., P. smythiesii = P. sp. C., S. acuta = S. sp. V., S. agami = S. sp. L. and S. sp. G3 , S. amplexicaulis = S. sp. P., S. faguetioides = S. sp. T., S. minor = S. sp. X3, S. revoluta = S. sp. V, S. rubella = S. sp. A3 and S. sp. H3, S. rubra = S. sp. J3, S. slooteni = S. sp. N1.  I am particularly grateful for the continued encouragement and advice of Mr. B. E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests at Kuching, and one time State Forest Officer, Brunei, who has put his great knowledge of Borneo's Dipterocarps at my disposal; to Mr. E.J.H. Corner, F.R.S., for advice on numerous points and for correcting the proofs; to Inche Yakin bin Long, State Forest Officer, Brunei, for his enthusiastic support and for his aid in obtaining for me the type material of Hopeagarangbuaya, Parashorea macrohylla, and Shorea bullata; and to Dr. W. Meijer, Forest Botanist, Sandakan, for his close co-operation and for supplying notes on several species.  Lastly, but by no means least, I wish to record the friendly and ever helpful partnership of Ladi anak Nantah, who climbed the trees and obtained the collections on which these descriptions are largely based, and with whom I spent three very happy years exploring the forests of Brunei.  Thanks are also due to Mr. Brian Golding of the Botany School, Cambridge University, for his painstaking preparation of the plates.  This paper is the first of several which will be jointly published with Dr. Meijer, in order to bring our greatly increasing knowledge of Borneo Dipterocarpaceae up to date.        

Abstract:
Bark Surface Pattern and slash in Dipterocarpaceae were interpreted in terms of structure and seven main Bark Types described (Whitmore 1962 a, b) which are general categories consisting of a number of Bark Manifestations that differ slightly in structure, hence in surface pattern and slash, from the general Type. The Bark Manifestations are practical categories distinct in the forest and are described and keyed here. A key is given to the Bark Types.  The kinds of variation in bark are described and their relative importance ascertained from detailed study of a few species. The main survey is based on 103 species in 7 genera (appendix 1). Their bark is described genus by genus, and the bark present throughout life shown diagrammetically (appendix 2 justifies the inductions on which the diagrams are based). The use of bark for formal taxonomy and forest recognition is reviewed. Bark provides valuable taxonomic information: Symington's taxonomic groups are in main confirmed, and in some cases extended, particularly to include Bornean species.  Comment is made on a number of outstanding taxonomic problems of individual species and a few new problems indicated. There is no evidence of adaptive bark differences between species of Rain forest proper and drier forests.  Twenty one species and many species groups can be recognised in the forest; some previously confused. Scaly barks are distinguished; little is added to previously distinctions within Dipterocarpaceae. It is suggested that the use of the bark for forest recognition could be very considerably extended in families less well known to foresters.