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The purpose of this note is to illustrate some unfamiliar cultivated Dioscoreas, namely; - 1. the white or eight months Guinea Yam. 2.  the yellow or twelve months Guinea Yam, - Dioscorea cayenensis, Lamk. 3.  a Hai-nan Yam, probably D. belophylloides, Prain and Burkill. 4 an African Yam, D. dumetorum, Pax. 5.  an Indain Yam, D. pentaphylla, Linn., var, Linnaei, Prain and Burkill. 6.  a Malayan Yam, D. pentaphylla, Linn., var. malaica, Prain and Burkill. 7 and 8 Philippine Yam, D. pentaphylla, Linn., var. and an ally.

 

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This is the third of a series of reports upon the cultivation of the Greater Yam in the Gardens, Singapore. The first was printed in this Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 9, pp. 297 - 304. and in it outline camera lucida drawings of sixteen races were given. The second report was printed in Vol. I., double No. 11 - 12, pp. 371 - 196, with illustrations from photographs of fifteen races upon six plates. In this report fourteen races are illustrated upon four plates, no. 76, appearing upon two of them. Besides these three reports, there is another in the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, Vol. III., 1915, pp. 205 - 209, with illustrations of seven races. When the first report in the Gardens' Bulletin and that in the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester were published, the numbering system of the Gardens had not been made consistent, and was not referred to: therefore it is now convenient to draw into one list the races already illustrated, - being in all thirty-eight. This list is printed as an appendix on pp. 12 - 44.

 

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The following taken from the Agricultural News, West Indies, of August 11th, 1917, Vol. XVI, pp. 254 - 255, is worth reading and digesting ; for in Malaya, damping-off is one of the greatest troubles that a gardener has to contend with. The method recommended in it has been tried in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; and so far there is nothing to be said against it except the necessity of teaching the ignorant tukang kebun to handle the Sulphuric Acid respectfully; and as the use of burnt earth can be avoided in some measure, pecuniary gain is brought into sight.

 

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The year 1919, the centenary of the founding of the settlement of Singapore, brings in the sixtieth year of Botanic Gardens; and their early history is becoming obscure. Moreover the records are only in the two older Singapore newspapers, which is laborious to consult, and of which single files exist. These two reasons enough for reproducing here six reports, and for bringing them into one view by a brief introduction, with quotations from the old papers.

 

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Catochrysops pandava, Horsf., is a beautiful little butterfly when seen with its silky lavender blue wings expanded; but it is very destructive in a garden to Cycads: for the caterpillar is a gourmet and feeds on the youngest leaves, utterly destroying them, so that the plant is left untidy for the months which pass it until it can produce a fresh crop. How untidy it can be, is seen in the accompanying plate. Cycads which had been attacked by the insect and had no young leaves left, produced in the Botanic Gardens a new crop at the end of three months, often only to be attacked again.

 

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Upon a visit of inspection to Malacca in July, 1917 it was observed that some pest had been attacking the Coconut palms in a serious way between Malacca town and Tanjong Kling, seven miles distant. The effect of the attack was apparent to any one, even at some distance, by the brown colour of all the old leaves; every palm in the area of attack appeared as if scorched, appeared as if attacked by the moth Brachartona which produces this appearance: but on examination of the trees it was obvious that Barchartona had not done the damage. The young leaves were found to be free, for the most part, from any cause of injury, but on the intermediate leaves sharply defined areas of dead tissue were to be seen: and on the older leaves these areas had become confluent, and the tissues were generally dead and often tattered. The cause of the injury was not detected on the first visit, but the limits of its attack were ascertained as above, Malacca town to Tanjong Kling, and inland only about a mile. Arrangements were then made that an officer of the Department, namely Professor Baker, should throughly investigate the attack by an early visit; but advance information to the effect that the Government of the Philippines intended to recall him interfered with the plan in such a way that the next inspection in Malacca only took place in December, when the writer was fortunate enough to find the pest, - a beetle, - mature and on the wing. This beetle proves to be Promecotheca cumingii. 

 

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Rainfall at the Director's house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year, 1917, in inches. Readings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which twenty-four hours begin.