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P. microcarpus sp. nov. is described as a montane species from Sarawak and Sabah, as the most leptocaul species of the genus able to fruit with small 1 (-2) seeded syncarps. Four species are recognised, namely P. bracteatus, P. forbesii, P. microcarpus, and P. venenosus.

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A revision of the Malesian genus Iguanura Bl. is presented. The genus, which is confined to Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo, comprises 16 species, four of which represent new species.

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Eugenia filiformis Duthie var. constricta Kochummen and Eugenia spicata Lamk var. cordata Kochummen are new varieties. Tristania razakiana Kochummen is a new species, named in honour of the Prime Minister of Malaysia.

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Vaccinium whitmorei Ng and Vaccinium pseudodialypetalum Ng are new species.

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In Cockburn's revision of Erythroxylaceae for the Tree Flora of Malaya (1972) and Payens' revision of the same family for the Flora Malesiana (1958) only one indigenous species was recognised in Malaya. We now have evidence to show that there are in fact two species in Malayan forests. The new species is known from only two localities and differs from the more widespread E. cuneatum in the following characters.

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The conventional methods of vegetative propagation of monopodial orchids is by cuttings while sympodial orchids are propagated by the division of the pseudobulbs. Both the methods can be very slow if one desires to propagate a large number of plants from a single selected plant. In view of this, in recent years orchidologists have successfully propagated plants through the technique of 'meristem' culture. Through this method, one may start with a piece of meristematic tissue and on successful culture, obtain a large number of protocorm-like bodies which could be induced to differentiate into new plants or be made to proliferate further to obtain more protocorm-like-bodies. The success in meristem culture in orchids will have a tremendous impact on the economics of orchid culture in Singapore. The production of large numbers of 'prize' plants will enable orchid enthusiasts to obtain them more easily and it will also enable the commercial nurseries to increase their plants and flower production, both for export and for local distribution.

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The author describes for the first time: Horsfieldia brachiata var. laticosta, H. bracteosa var. microcarya, H. hellwigii var. novobritannica and H. polyspherula var. tenuifolia. An unnamed infraspecific hybrid of H. hellwigii: var hellwigii x var pulverulenta is also described. He further proposes the new combinations: — H. parviflora comb. nov. based on Myristica parviflora Roxb.  — H. hellwigii var. pulverulenta stat nov. based on H. pulverulenta Warb. — Horsfieldia brachiata var. sumatrana comb. nov. based on Myristica glabra var. sumatrana Miq. — H. polyspherula var. oligocarpa stat. nov. based on H. oligocarpa Warb. — H. spicata comb, nov. based on Myristica spicata Roxb. — H. spicata var. sepikensis stat. nov. based on H. sepikensis Markgraf  — H. subtilis var. rostrata stat. nov. based on H. rostrata Markgraf — H. subtilis var. schlechteri stat. nov. based on H. schlechteri Warb.

Abstract:
The status of this section (also known as a genus Neottopteris J. Sm.) is discussed. A key to all known species is provided, with synonymy and a brief description for each. The importance of growth-habit (not shown by herbarium specimens) is stressed, and the need for more observation of living plants, especially on the islands of the Pacific Ocean.  Two new species (A. pacificum and A. spirale) are described. Names of species which have been included by various authors, in Neottopteris but which do not belong to this section been included by various authors in Neottopteris but which do not belong to this section are listed.

Abstract:
A critical commentary is presented on the statement on comparative morphology of Zingiberaceae in Malaya published in Gard. Bull. Sing. Vol. 13, part 1 (1950), and a comparison made with the account of the family prepared by Bakhuizen for the Flora of Java Vol. 3 (1968) where terms are differently used and a different view of some genera (Achasma and Amomum) is maintained. An attempt is made to correct inconsistencies in the use of terms in both accounts, especially in relation to inflorescence-structure which is of basic importance in this family. Floral morphology is only considered in reference to the genera Nicolaia (mis-named Phaeomeria in Holttum, 1950), Achasma and Amomum. Some comments are made on the status of some generic names but no proposals for change of the scheme of 1950 are made. A suggestion is made that experimental work might throw light on the structure of the condensed lateral cymes and in demonstrating the essential uniformity of structure of the inflorescence in the family. A plea is made that taxonomic statements on tropical plants should no longer be limited by the defects of dried specimens in European herbaria.

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New taxa:— Boletus subgen. Boletus, B. hibiscus sp. nov. (Sarawak), B. rubroglutinosus sp. nov. (Sarawak); subgen. Leccinum, B. peronatus sp. nov. (Sarawak), B. squarrosipes sp. nov. (Malaya); subgen. Punctispora subgen. nov., B. punctisponis sp. nov. (Sarawak): subgen. Tylopilus, B. longipes Mass. var. albus var. nov (Sarawak), B. tristior sp. nov. (Sarawak); subgen. Xerocomus. B. albipurpureus sp. nov. (Sarawak), B. setigerus sp. nov. (Java). — Phylloporus squamosus sp. nov. (Sarawak), P. stenoporus sp. nov. (Java).

Abstract:
This report is based on the author's thesis for the " Diplome d'Etudes Approfondies " presented before the Faculty of Science, University of Paris, in July 1970. The work was done partly at the Department of Botany of Singapore University in 1968 - 69, which is under the direction of Professor A. N. Rao, and partly in Paris in the laboratory of Tropical Botany in 1969 - 70 under the direction of Professor R. Schnell. I should like to acknowledge with gratitude the help from many taxonomists who assisted me constantly throughout my research. In particular, I am indebted to Dr. H. Keng and Mr. D. H. Murphy of Singapore University who spent so much time in the determination of plants and gall-makers respectively and for their advice ; to Dr. G. Gusset of Paris University for his help in the naming of plants and on morphological questions ; to Dr. W. L. Chew then Botanist at Singapore Botanic Gardens and Dr. M. A. Rifai, Director of the Herbarium of Bogor Botanic Gardens, for their help in taxonomy. I am grateful to : The directors of the Singapore Botanic Gardens, who gave me all facilities to collect throughout the Nature Reserves; Dr. J. Meyer, Director of the Strasbourg Laboratory of Cecidiology and his team of research workers for their aid and their advice in cecidiology; Dr. W. Nijveldt (Instituut voor Plantenziektenkundig Onderzoek, Nederland) for the determination of gall-midges; Mr. R. D. Rady, Dr. G. J. Kerrich, Mr. C. E. J. Nixon of the British Museum for the determination of the parasitic wasps; Dr. J. W. Beardsley (University of Hawaii) for the naming and description of coccids; and Dr. H. H. Keifer (Sacramento, USA) for the determination of mites. Finally I thank Mr. S. Murphy, Mr. C. Anthony, and the editor who helped me with the translation of my thesis.

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Eight tropical herbaceaus legumes were introduced into Singapore and evaluated for their possible roles in soil fertility improvement and soil erosion control on the island, and also in the other wet tropical areas. Desmodium canum is too woody and grew into a small bush in two years; Desmodium intortum is seriously attacked by insects; Desmodium sandwicense has upright growth habit and poor nodulation; Glycine wightii is attacked by insects and has not flowered in Singapore; Phaseolus atropurpureus and Phaseolus lathroides are two climbers and can be used as ornamental plants on fence; Stylosanthes humilis is an annual plant and not well adapted to the wet tropics. Desmodium uncinatum is the only legume showing potentials in fertility improvement and erosion control of soils in Singapore.  It has moderate vegetative growth, spreading growth habit and strong stoloniferous development.  It nodulates well, regrows fast after being cut and is well adapted to the wet tropics.

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Economically, the family Dipterocarpaceae is one of the most important in Malaysia, producing timber and other commodities. The timber of some 200 species of dipterocarps indigenous to Sarawak has been anatomically examined and found to conform to about a dozen homogeneous groupings corresponding, in the main, to generic categories. The characteristics of these categories are described in detail and summarised in tabular form. Anatomical relationships between the groupings are discussed and attention is directed to similarities and differences between them. Also, indicative specific gravities for the 200 species examined have been listed. A key to the timber groupings, which have commercial application, has been prepared.

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This list of new plant disease records for Sarawak is a follow-up of those given by Johnston (1960), Turner (1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969 and 1971) and Kueh (1973). It consists of fungal diseases together with diseases caused by algae and plant parasitic nematodes, collected and investigated by the writer during the year 1972.  Sixteen of these records appear in the Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1972. The microorganisms are arranged under their respective host plants which are listed alphabetically under their botanical names.  For each host plant a common name and a Malay name are given where available. The frequency of occurrence of a disease is given together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where identification has been carried out by the Institute. Identifications performed by tha Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, Herts, are indicated by Kew and CIH respectively.

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The present paper comes from a manuscript which at the time of the author's demise was at Kew Herbarium, sent there in advance for his proposed completion of the work on the genus Horsfieldia. The Botanic Gardens in Singapore gratefully acknowledge the co-operation from individuals and herbaria who have loaned their specimens for the study by the late Mr. J. Sinclair and are grateful to Mr. J. P. M. Brennan, Keeper of the Kew Herbarium and Library for promptly taken steps in returning the script. The manuscript contains complete descriptions of 33 species and many varieties, and citations only of specimens under H. macrocoma and H. irya. Regretfully, the classification system, many keys, distribution maps, illustrations and the collector's index had not been written up. This article describes the two new species named by the author and is the first in the series.

Abstract:
In 1967 a survey was made as part of the Forest Resource Reconnaissance Survey of Ulu Kelantan district. 26, 628 trees were enumerated => 4ft girth on sample strips 1chain wide, in primary rain forest mostly below 2800ft elevation. For this analysis the survey area of 1672 acres has been divided into 4 classes on geology and altitude, comprising sedimentary and granitic rocks and below or above 750ft. The occurrence of different tree species, genera and families in these 4 classes is listed in a series of Tables. No such extensive analysis has previously been made. There are many groups which are markedly more common in one or other of the 4 habitat classes and several groups have a distribution in Ulu Kelantan which counters subjective preconceptions. It is suggested that at any altitude species'  distribution is likely to be more closely correlated with relief and soil than with geology.

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The following pages present some floristic and phytogeographic observations made in the course of ethnobotanical work. They must be considered merely as preliminary notes to a future more detailed study of a massif of which only the periphery has been previously visited by naturalists. It is therefore felt that, notwithstanding their incompleteness, these notes will represent a useful contribution to our botanical knowledge of the western Cambodian mountains, as little in the literature, and none of it in English, presently exists.

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This paper comprises the result of an expedition to Indonesian Islands in search of Nepenthes. It records thirteen species and describes two of them as new taxa. All but one were collected during this research trip made by the author and G. Mikil (participant from Malaysia) to Borneo, Singapore, Java and Sumatra in March 1972. The new taxa are N. campanulata and N. rhombicaulis. The author is grateful to Drs. C.X. Furtado and K.L.Chang for their kind assistance.

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On 7th January 1973, while in Singapore, I accompanied Dr. E. A. Heaslett on a one day field trip to Gunung Panti in Johore, Malay Peninsula. Despite bad weather, we were able to observe about 55 taxa of Palmae in the forest of Panti East. This total indicates the richness of the palm flora: amongst those species observed was one novelty, a Korthalsia vegetatively distinct from all other Malayan species of Korthalsia. Within the genus Korthalsia in Malaya (Furtado 1951) there are two types of ochrea (extension of the leaf sheath beyond the insertion of the petiole); in one type such as that found in K. scaphigera Griff., K. echinometra Becc. and K. scortechinii Becc. (see fig 1 a, b) the ochrea is swollen and hollow and forms a spiny chamber around the leaf sheath of the leaf above, and is favoured by ants as a nesting place. The relationship of the ants with the rattan has been described many times, and it seems likely that particular ants are specific to different Korthalsia species. In the other type as found in all other Malayan species of Korthalsia such as K. flagellaris Miq and K. rigida Bl. (see fig 1 c, d), the ochrea is not swollen and forms a tightly sheathing tube around the leaf sheath of the leaf above: this type of ochrea may remain entire or becomes split or tattered, and may be armed or unarmed. The Korthalsia species new to the Malay Peninsula from Panti East Forest Reserve, however, has a third type of ochrea, a type found in four species (see fig 1 e): K.robusta Bl. of Sumatra. K. macrocarpa Becc. of Borneo, K. squarrosa Becc. of the Philippines and K. hispida Becc. of Sumatra and Bomeo. In these four species, the ochrea is shaped something "like an elongated ass's ear" (Beccari 1918): the ochrea is not sheathing, being open opposite the petiole, the two edges inrolling to produce an open-ended spiny tube, pale straw in colour, diverging from the axis at an angle of 20 degrees.  In K. squarrosa the the ochreas visible in different in that they do not diverge far from the stem, but the ochreas visible in Beccari's plate (Beccari loc. cit.) are just below an inflorescence and such ochreas are often slightly abnormal. Within this tube-like ochrea in the Sumatran and Bomean species, ants make their nests. When the rattan is touched, the ants within rustle in unison in each ochrea by banging their heads against the dry ochrea, each ochrea slightly out of phase with the next. I have only heard this rustling noise in K. robusta, K. hispida and K. macrocarpa; I have not heard it in K. scaphigera.  The Gunung Panti plant is indistinguishable from Korthalsia hispida, a misunderstood species from West Sumatra, Aceh, and Borneo, first collected by Beccari (P. S. 673 -- Beccari 1884) at Ayer Mancur, West Sumatra, and later included by Beccari in Korthalsia robusta Bl. non Mart. (Beccari 1918). In July 1972 in Propinsi Jambi, Sumatra, (Dransfield in press) I found specimens of a Korthalsia, vegetatively fitting the description and plate of K. hispida but with inflorescences totally different from those of the widespread Sumatran taxon, K. robusta, the vegetative parts of which were unknown to Beccari. The Jambi specimens are identical to Meijer 2411, Nukunan, Borneo (Meijer 1956).  There are hence two species in  Sumatra, K. robusta and K. hispida, and Beccari appears to have confused the two in his monograph (1918) -- the fertile specimens referred by Beccari to K. robusta belong to K. robusta; the vegetative specimens referred to K. robusta belongs to another species originally described as K. hispida. In fact vegetatively K. hispida is more distinct than K. robusta and K. macrocarpa and it is quite possible that these last two represent one widespread variable species common to Sumatra and Bomeo. Because of the confusion in this group of Korthalsia it is considered useful to give a complete description of Korthalsia hispida. Although the relationship of Korthalsiamacrocarpa and Korthalsia robusta is not yet clear, I am presenting this note in order to draw attention to this easily recognised group of Korthalsia species.

Abstract:
Singapore has become an important orchid breeding center producing many well-known hybrids of international acclaim. Such successful results are achieved by the continued efforts of scientists at Botanic Gardens and local horticulturists over a period of three decades. In Singapore the first hybrid that appeared was Vanda Miss Joaquim in 1893 (Holttum, 1953). Nevertheless, our knowledge about the cytogenetics and pollen physiology of local orchid hybrids is very limited. The importance of such studies need not be over-emphasized since pollen viability and germination form the essential requirements to produce good and the required hybrids. Not every cross pollination will bear fruit and it is the common experience of every orchid breeder that more than 60 per cent of the pollinations made would end up with no fruits or fruits without seeds. One of the main reasons for such failures could be the pollen sterility and some of these problems are under study (Rao and Goh, 1970). Very few studies are made on orchid pollen germination. Molisch determined the optimal sucrose concentration for 6 European species (Withner, 1959). Miwa (1937) germinated the pollen of certain orchid species and their hybrids to test the longevity and viability of stored orchid pollen. Curtis and Duncan (1947) studied 11 species in 7 genera. The present paper outlines the morphology of pollinia, pollen structure, viability and germination of some well-known local hydrids.

Abstract:
A new species of Creaghiella is described from Borneo. Anerincleistus philippinensis Merr. Is transferred to the present genus as Creaghiella philippinensis (Merr.) Nayar. A key to the species so far known is also presented.

Abstract:
Lists of plant disease records for Sarawak have been given by Johnston (1960) and Turner (1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969 and 1971). The list below consists of previously unrecorded fungal diseases together with diseases caused by algae and plant parasitic nematodes, observed or collected by the writer from the time of his taking over the office of Plant Pathology Section of Semongok Agricultural Research Centre in mid August, 1970 until the end of 1971. Thirteen of these records appear  in the Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1970. The causal organisms are listed under their respective host plants which are arrangedin alphabetical order of their botanical names. The frequency of occurrence is given together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where identification has been performed by the Institute. Two species of fungi and one nematode species were identified at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, Herts, respectively. In the list that follows, One, Occ., Comm. stand for One record, Occasionally and Common respectively.

Abstract:
Calophyllum austrocoriaceum and C rupicolum var. elatum are new taxa.  C. intramarginale is reduced to C. inophylloide var. singapurense. A division of Malayan Garcinia into groups is described. G. burkillii, G. cantleyana and its var. grandifolia, G. cataractalis, G. hendersoniana and G. murtonii are new species. G. dumosa (and its Malayan allies), G. nigrolineata, G. penangiana, G. bancana, G. opaca and G. pyrifera  are annotated with several new synonyms proposed; G. opaca var. dumosa is proposed as a new variety. In Mesua notes are provided on the alliances of M. assamica, M. elegans, M. kunstleri and M. lepidota; and M. kochummeniana, M. nivenii, M. nuda and M. purseglovei are new species. Barringtonia payensiana is a new species. Crudia viridiflora is a new species, with simple leaves. In Olacaceae, Strombosia maingayi is shown to be the legitimate name for the tree long known as S. rotundifolia: the differences from S. multiflora are discussed. In Proteaceae, Heliciopsis cockburnii, H. montana and H. whitmorei are described as new species.

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Abstract:
Pollination in the dioecious fig Ficus fistulosa was studied in Singapore. The pollinator, Ceratosolen hewitti (Agaonidae), possesses closed thoracic pockets and coxal combs.  Pocket filling with pollen from detached anthers previously cut by the male wasps occurs in the filling almost ripe male figs. Pollen is lifted from the anther to the underside of the thorax by combs. In the male figs, pollination of the stigmata occurs at the end of oviposition prior to the withdrawal of the ovipositor. Pollen is taken directly from the pockets by the  forelegs and is carried downwards onto the stigmata. The behaviour of the female wasps in the female syconia is very similar except that the oviposition act does not culminate with actual egg-laying. The significance of pollination in short-styled, gall-producing flowers and of ovipositor insertion into the styles of long-styled, seed-producing flowers is discussed.