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The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list.  No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China.  Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose  the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula.  From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.

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The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list.  No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China.  Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose  the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula.  From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.

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The following pages contain a list of the Higher Plants known from Kuala Lumpur and its vicinity. The area which the list covers is roughly that included in a circle of which the centre is Kuala Lumpur and the radius is fifteen miles. The circle has been stretched to include nearby places from which important collections have come, but collections have not been made from every place within it. The montane flora of the Main Range has been excluded in an endeavour to make the list contain only lowland species, but it has not been possible to do this accurately, as very few specimens were found to bear any indication of the altitude at which they were located. The following are the localities from which have come the collections utilised in the compilation of the list: - Ampang Forest Reserve, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Batang Berjuntai Forest Reserve, Batu Tiga, Batu Caves,  Bukit Belachan Forest Reserve,  Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve, Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, Bukit Raja Forest Reserve, Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve,  Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve, Damansara, Dusun Tua, Kajang, Kanching, Kepong, Klang Gates, Kuala Lumpur, Kuang, Petaling, Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Pudu, Rantau, Seminyih, Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve, Ulu Gombak, Ulu Langkat, Weld's Hill Forest Reserve.  During recent years, the Forest Department has collected very largely in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, and full advantage has been taken of these collections in compiling the list.  Towards the end of 1921 H. L. Hume made large collections for the F. M. S. Museums in the Batang Berjuntai and Rantau Panjang Forest Reserves, at Klang Gates, in the Ulu Gombak, and at various places close to Kuala Lumpur. These collections, along with the remainder of the F.M.S. Museums Herbariums, have now been loaned indefinitely to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Ridley and his subordinate Goodenough collected at Kuala Lumpur while inspecting forests from 1889 onwards. Smaller collections in this area have been made by Burkill, Kloss, Henderson, Milsum, Sands, and Mohamed Nur. The writer is indebted to Dr. Foxworthy for much help, and for access to the herbarium of the Forest Department.

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In the previous issue of the Gardens' Bulletin appears a list of all mosses hitherto collected in the Malay Peninsula, prepared by Mr. H. N. Dixon, who has himself determined the majority of the specimens concerned. Our best thanks are due to Mr. Dixon for the very great amount of work which he has put into the preparation of this paper. Before receiving Mr. Dixon's list, I had compiled a list of mosses found in the Singapore Gardens, with such first-hand observations as I had been able to make concerning their habits of growth, as it seemed that few observations of the kind had been recorded. This list is here printed as a supplement to Mr. Dixon's paper. It contains no references to collectors or numbers (these can be found in the complete list) but only names of species and such information as to habit and habitat as I have found on herbarium labels or collected myself. Not having made a critical study of mosses, in many cases I can only speak of the habitats of individual specimens collected by me and identified by Mr. Dixon, but there are a few common species which it is easy to recognise at sight, and of these it is possible to speak with greater certainty. The Gardens present a fairly wide range of habitat for mosses, from the most exposed positions on the ground or on trees to the shade of the rockeries and the Gardens Jungle; but there is no place so moist and shady as much of the natural jungle of the Peninsula. The conditions are on the whole artificial, and this is reflected in the character of the moss flora; the more typical forest species are infrequent or absent. A striking feature of the list, referred to by Mr. Dixon in the introduction to his paper, is the large proportion of species of Syrrhopodon and Calymperes; this is more marked in Singapore than in the north of the Peninsula. In Singapore Island 32 species of the two genera have been found, out of 51 for the whole Peninsula; from the north fewer are recorded, 16 only having been found in Penang (mostly in the Waterfall Gardens or on the hill) which after Singapore is probably the most-collected area. In recent collections I have paid particular attention to these genera, and in searching Penang Gardens it was with difficulty that they could be found, whereas in Singapore they occur on tree trunks in any slightly shaded spot. It is possible that the more seasonal climate of Penang and the north of the Peninsula is not so favourable for these mosses; in Penang a pronounced dry season early in the year is the rule. They are not usually found in dense shade, but in light shade, on tree trunks, and sometimes on rocks or on the ground (according to the species and the conditions). They do not usually grow in full sunlight, except some of the more resistant species, (e.g. S. borneense ; this grows in a close cushion which can retain moisture). During rather dry weather they are often much shrivelled up. It is perhaps their habit of growing in somewhat exposed places, together with inability to withstand severe drought, which causes their restrictions, on the whole, to places with a fairly heavy and evenly distirbuted rainfall, or a continuously high atmospheric humidity.

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This list is intended to supplement the enumeration of Fraser Hill plants published by Burkill and Holttum in this Bulletin, Vol. III, pp. 33-110. The material from which it is compiled was obtained by a native collector working under the writer's supervision in August 1923, and by Mr. R. E. Holttum in the following month. A few plants from the collections of Messrs. Burkill and Holttum have been added, where these have been determined since the publication of the original list. All the plants, except where otherwise noted, were collected between the 3800 and 4200 feet contours.

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Mr. Ridley's Flora of the Malay Peninsula, south of 7N. Lat. having being published and in regard to the higher plants the taxonomic foundation having been prepared thereby, it is appropriate that stock be taken at once of the knowledge that we possess upon the distribution of plants within the Peninsula.. Towards that objective the following report is a first step. It brings out no scientific conclusions; but it indicates as concisely as possible in what measure the parts of the Peninsula have been botanised. A traveller touching at Penang will find it in the names of all who have collected plants in that island, and where their collections lie. The resident - let us say at Ipoh, but any name will serve - will obtain an estimate of how much remains to be done in the collecting of information within his circle. The administrator, who has power to direct collecting, will feel guided as to the way in which he can most profitably dispose his resources. The student, examining the herbaria which exist, will find in it a vade-mecum for the interpretation of too-often inadequate labels. The report is in three parts- (1) the collectors - an alphabetical list of all whose names are known to occur upon the labels of Malayan herbarium specimens, embodying sufficient biographical information for our purpose; (2) the collections, under which head the whole Peninsula is considered by squares of a half-degree of latitude and longitude - 71 of them - and the work done in each set down; and (3) the collecting places, an index to the places-names which occur on the labels in herbaria, and at the same time an index to part 2. There are two maps in the report. Upon the first the squares are all marked. These squares explain themselves, except that 1a has been stretched a little to the west that all the Butang islands may be got into it; and square ok has been stretched a little to the east that Pulau Aor and the islets near it may be included. A complete square of level land has a surface of about 1,225 square miles, a large area for our purpose, but to deal with subdivisions proves impossible. Of the 71, 28 alone have the full complement of land: the rest are all in part of sea. The first map carries a figure in each square, the figure being the number of plants of the orders contained in the first volume of Mr. Ridley's Flora, which can be proved to occur within each square. Add all the figures together and the total of 9,410 is obtained : but by reason of double and treble records for squares, the data compressed into the map by a vey long way exceed the figure, and have been laborius to collect. That is why a halt has had to be called at the end of examination of the first volume, but the data on the data map do really suffice for the estimation of our knowledge in the form of a very approximate percentage. The second map graphically indicates the percentages arrived at. The lowness of these percentages as a whole is surprising. They read us a warning against hasty conclusions: they tell us how little we know; and that the square of Mount Ophir carries a figure so low as 12 and the square of Gunong Tahan one so low as 18 , is material for consideration. One more remark. The three Settlements, - Penang, Malacca and Singapore have received considerable attention, and a list of the places in them where at plants have been collected would be long and extend Part 3 much; but to make one has not seemed necessary, for collectors' labels in regard to them have rarely proved misleading. Village names from these three Settlements, therefore, will only for special reasons + to be found in the list. Good maps on a large scale are to be had and meet the rest of the need. It is evident that orderly work can be based on the report. In concluding these introductory remarks, Mr. Ridley, Colonel Kelsall, Dr. Gimlette and Dr. Foxworthy must be thanked for the kind way in which they supplied information.            

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The volume published under the above title by the Oxford University Press comes from the able pen of Father E. Blatter. Having lived for many years in India he has had exceptional opportunities to study both indigenous and introduced species of the Palm family. This, coupled with a keen interest in the subject, has resulted in the production of a book, useful alike to the botanist and the layman.  Much useful information is contained in the volume, well supported by numerous photographs and figures which are a very great help for identification purposes. The introduction contains much useful information (i) in regard to the Geographic Distribution of Palmae generally, (ii) a short history of the exploration of the Palm flora in India together with a detailed account of its distribution and (iii) a general description of Palms couched in popular language.

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Up to the present time no attempt has been made to publish a conspectus of the Moss-flora of the Malay Peninsula. Mitten's Musci Ind. Or. (Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot., Vol. iii, Suppl.) contains some half-dozen records, the only data for which are "Malacca, Griffith." Fleischer has collected a considerable number of mosses, mostly in and around Singapore; these are recorded in the four volumes of his Musci der Flora von Buitenzorg (1900-1922). A short list is also given by Hj. Moeller of Straits Settlements mosses in Hedwigia, lx, 313, comprising some thirty species. Finally the present writer published descriptions of forty new species from the Peninsula in Bull. Torr. Boi. Club, 51 ; pp. 225-259 (1924). The great majority of entries, therefore, in the following list are unpublished records, and are based on collections made by various botanists, principally H. N. Ridley (R. in the list), I. H. Burkill, R. E. Holttum, and C. H. Binstead, with other collectors from the Singapore Botanic Gardens. The system I have followed is very largely that of Brotherus, in Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, Musci, Ed. I. The general character and relationships of the Moss-flora follow naturally very closely on the lines of the higher plants. The endemic species are comparatively few, and I think are not likely to be greatly increased; for while undescribed species are constantly collected, this is pretty well counterbalanced by the discovery of the extension of the range of supposed endemics (of Malaya) to neighbouring areas. On the other hand a very large percentage of the species have a remarkably narrow range of distribution beyond the peninsula itself, especially the Malay-Burma-Assam, Malay-Borneo, Malay-Philippines, and Malay-Java areas. It would be of some interest to give lists of these species, but it is preferable to wait till the distribution of the mosses in the peninsula itself is more completely known; the present list gives a basis for such a conspectus, but it is only a beginning. Several of the States have been litttle more than sampled, for mosses, and nearly every collection that is made still contains some new record, either for the State, the Peninsula or for science. This may be illustrated by the fact that since the publication of my paper already referred to, in 1924, thirty undescribed species have come into my hands, and these appear, perforce, as "ined." in the present list. Among special features of interest in the moss flora may be mentioned the prevalence of species of Calymperaceae (Syrrhopodon and Calymperes) a most interesting and striking Family, having a peculiar distribution mostly to tropical regions, and rarely found at any great distance from the sea, though in no sense maritime plants. This is curiously contrasted with the poor representation of some of the larger genera. Thus of Bryum (between 800 and 900 species) six are recorded from the peninsula : of Campylopus (about 500 species), three; of Macromitrium (415 species) ten; while of Syrrhopodon (235 species), there are thirty-one in the following list and of Calymperes (200 species), twenty-four. A further genus which is highly represented here is Acroporium (Sematophyllum Mitt. p.p.). Of about 90 known species ( as the genus is understood in Brotherus, Musci, Ed. i), 33 are recorded for the peninsula. Here however we have to do with a genus which clearly has its principal centre of distribution in the Indo-Malay region ; whereas this can scarcely be said of the Calmyperaceae, which have an equally high distribution in tropical Africa, Madagascar and the Mascarene Is., tropical America, and Polynesia. The total number of species in the following list is about 340, compared with 650 recorded from Java; and with more systematic collecting the number is certain to be very largely increased.