Year of Publication: 1930, Vol. 06 (6 - 10) (The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements)
Date Published
April 1930
I. H. Burkill and Mohamad Haniff
Malay Village Medicine : prescriptions collected by I.H. Burkill and Mohamad Haniff [Page 165 - 273]
Malay Village Medicine : prescriptions collected by I.H. Burkill and Mohamad Haniff [Page 165 - 273]
Abstract:
When sickness comes in a Malay village the advice of a bomor, or physician of the native school, is sought: when childbirth occurs, a bidan or midwife is called in. From competent persons of those two classes we obtained information in the following way. We toured through the Peninsula, and by the kind help of administrative officers, to whom we return our sincere thanks, were put into touch with those whom we wish to meet. They were asked to give us as much information as they could and to bring specimens in illustration of their samples. At a second meeting the information was taken down, and the specimens ticked. Subsequently the specimens, which are preserved in the herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, were determined and the information worked up. We tried to avoid unexpected questions, for they beget gusts of fancy and incorrect assertions. We asked one very competent bomor to give his information in his own handwriting, for a man must think as he writes; but the information got was meagre. In all other cases we took down the information ourselves, and sometimes may have got the vernacular names mis-written. One of us (M.H.) spent a short time at Jor in contact with the trading Sakai who live there, and we obtained other information from the Malay-speaking Sakai of the Selangor-side of Pahang. The rest of the information was from Malays. We examined the shops Chinese herbalists, and recorded the plants in them, but do not dare to record the unchecked Chinese names which were taken down. The information thus got together is set down here without any comments upon the efficacy of the samples. It is given for each record in the following order: (1) the botanical name; (2) the Malay name as the informant used it; (3) the name of the most important place in the neighbourhood of the informant's dwelling; (4) the number which we gave to the specimen which the informant brought, and which remains attached to it in the herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; (5) the complaint for which it is used, and (6) the way in which it is used. After this information, an index and glossary of the vernacular names follow. The glossary has been added because so many of the names are determined by a plant's uses and not by its appearance; and as a consequence of this, plants most diverse to the eye, if capable of the same use, get the same name, to the surprise of botanists and others who, knowing the plants but not in Malays, impute inaccuracy to the latter. An explanation must be given of the term ubat meroyan, which we are forced to use frequently. The Malays are apt to consider all sicknesses following child-birth as origination at that time of exposure of the mother to the attacks of evilspirits, and to place them in a category called sakit meroyan (mereyan in some parts): for instance, diarrhoea at any time within many months is sakit meroyan tahi; a discharge of blood is sakit meroyan darah, and rheumatism sakit meroyan angin. To ward against such sicknesses, they administer over the first three days after child-birth - this period being one during which evil spirits possess the most power - preparations called ubat meroyan ; and the word meroyan enters into the name of the plant used (perhaps often only when so used), sometimes in an exceedingly fanciful expression. This is particularly the case in Pahang. An ubat meroyan may not be intended to have any immediate effect, and many of the plants in the class possess the medicinal value of sympathy, but none chemico-physiologically.
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When sickness comes in a Malay village the advice of a bomor, or physician of the native school, is sought: when childbirth occurs, a bidan or midwife is called in. From competent persons of those two classes we obtained information in the following way. We toured through the Peninsula, and by the kind help of administrative officers, to whom we return our sincere thanks, were put into touch with those whom we wish to meet. They were asked to give us as much information as they could and to bring specimens in illustration of their samples. At a second meeting the information was taken down, and the specimens ticked. Subsequently the specimens, which are preserved in the herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, were determined and the information worked up. We tried to avoid unexpected questions, for they beget gusts of fancy and incorrect assertions. We asked one very competent bomor to give his information in his own handwriting, for a man must think as he writes; but the information got was meagre. In all other cases we took down the information ourselves, and sometimes may have got the vernacular names mis-written. One of us (M.H.) spent a short time at Jor in contact with the trading Sakai who live there, and we obtained other information from the Malay-speaking Sakai of the Selangor-side of Pahang. The rest of the information was from Malays. We examined the shops Chinese herbalists, and recorded the plants in them, but do not dare to record the unchecked Chinese names which were taken down. The information thus got together is set down here without any comments upon the efficacy of the samples. It is given for each record in the following order: (1) the botanical name; (2) the Malay name as the informant used it; (3) the name of the most important place in the neighbourhood of the informant's dwelling; (4) the number which we gave to the specimen which the informant brought, and which remains attached to it in the herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; (5) the complaint for which it is used, and (6) the way in which it is used. After this information, an index and glossary of the vernacular names follow. The glossary has been added because so many of the names are determined by a plant's uses and not by its appearance; and as a consequence of this, plants most diverse to the eye, if capable of the same use, get the same name, to the surprise of botanists and others who, knowing the plants but not in Malays, impute inaccuracy to the latter. An explanation must be given of the term ubat meroyan, which we are forced to use frequently. The Malays are apt to consider all sicknesses following child-birth as origination at that time of exposure of the mother to the attacks of evilspirits, and to place them in a category called sakit meroyan (mereyan in some parts): for instance, diarrhoea at any time within many months is sakit meroyan tahi; a discharge of blood is sakit meroyan darah, and rheumatism sakit meroyan angin. To ward against such sicknesses, they administer over the first three days after child-birth - this period being one during which evil spirits possess the most power - preparations called ubat meroyan ; and the word meroyan enters into the name of the plant used (perhaps often only when so used), sometimes in an exceedingly fanciful expression. This is particularly the case in Pahang. An ubat meroyan may not be intended to have any immediate effect, and many of the plants in the class possess the medicinal value of sympathy, but none chemico-physiologically.
Year of Publication: 1929, Vol. 05 (01-02) (The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements)
Date Published
12 August 1929
Carr, C. E.
Some Malayan Orchids (with an index and 18 plates) [Page 1 - 50]
Some Malayan Orchids (with an index and 18 plates) [Page 1 - 50]
Abstract:
Most of the species described here were collected in the State of Pahang. They include 21 species and 5 species now recorded from the Peninsula for the first time. These latter are Dendrobium fugax, Schltr., D. inconspicuiflorum, J.J.S., D. salaccense, Lndl., Eria Jagoriana, Krzl., and E. punctata, J.J.S. Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, B. trichoglottis,Ridl., Eria Jagoriana, Krzl., E. punctata, J.J.S., Thrixspermum papillosum, Carr, and Sarcostoma javanica, Bl., are montane, though the latter plant also occurs in the low country. Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, and Thrixspermum papillosum, Carr, are hitherto unrecorded, while both the species of Eria mentioned are new to the Peninsula. The genus Abdominea was created by Dr. J. J. Smith to take a plant which appears to be the curious Saccolabium minimiflorum, Hook.f. This plant was originally recorded from Perak and later from Selangor at Batu Caves. It is now recorded form Pahang, A new genus Ascochilopsis, is here created for the distinct and interesting Saccolabium myosurus, Ridl. Two new species of Chamaenthus, Schltr. are described. This genus has hitherto never been reported from the Peninsula. The great majority of the plants dealt with come from the fluvial areas of the limestone district of central Pahang. The excessive humidity of these areas accounts for the relatively large number of species belonging to genera such as Sarcochilus, Br., Chamaenthus, Schltr., and Thrixspermum, Lour. Far too little attention has been paid to these areas and I am convinced that further exploration will result in many new plants being brought to light.
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Most of the species described here were collected in the State of Pahang. They include 21 species and 5 species now recorded from the Peninsula for the first time. These latter are Dendrobium fugax, Schltr., D. inconspicuiflorum, J.J.S., D. salaccense, Lndl., Eria Jagoriana, Krzl., and E. punctata, J.J.S. Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, B. trichoglottis,Ridl., Eria Jagoriana, Krzl., E. punctata, J.J.S., Thrixspermum papillosum, Carr, and Sarcostoma javanica, Bl., are montane, though the latter plant also occurs in the low country. Bulbophyllum minimibulbum, Carr, and Thrixspermum papillosum, Carr, are hitherto unrecorded, while both the species of Eria mentioned are new to the Peninsula. The genus Abdominea was created by Dr. J. J. Smith to take a plant which appears to be the curious Saccolabium minimiflorum, Hook.f. This plant was originally recorded from Perak and later from Selangor at Batu Caves. It is now recorded form Pahang, A new genus Ascochilopsis, is here created for the distinct and interesting Saccolabium myosurus, Ridl. Two new species of Chamaenthus, Schltr. are described. This genus has hitherto never been reported from the Peninsula. The great majority of the plants dealt with come from the fluvial areas of the limestone district of central Pahang. The excessive humidity of these areas accounts for the relatively large number of species belonging to genera such as Sarcochilus, Br., Chamaenthus, Schltr., and Thrixspermum, Lour. Far too little attention has been paid to these areas and I am convinced that further exploration will result in many new plants being brought to light.
Year of Publication: 1929, Vol. 06 (01 - 05) (The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements)
Date Published
December 1929
David Hooper
On Chinese Medicine: Drugs of Chinese Pharmacies in Malaya [Page 1 - 80]
On Chinese Medicine: Drugs of Chinese Pharmacies in Malaya [Page 1 - 80]
Abstract:
The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list. No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China. Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula. From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.
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The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list. No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China. Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula. From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.
David Hooper
On Chinese Medicine: Drugs of Chinese Pharmacies in Malaya [Page 81 - 154]
On Chinese Medicine: Drugs of Chinese Pharmacies in Malaya [Page 81 - 154]
Abstract:
The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list. No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China. Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula. From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.
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The crude medicinal substances described in the following pages were collected by Mr. I. H. Burkill M.A., when Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements. The specimens were obtained from Chinese druggists in Malaya - men of considerable experience of drugs. It is well known that Chinese divide vegetable drugs into two classes: the first is called Kuan Yao, or official remedies, chiefly contained in the great herbal, Pen ts'ao kang mu, and Ts'ao yao, consisting of herbs and roots generally used as domestic remedies. The identification of most of these samples was made at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and I have to thank the Director and the staffs of the Herbarium, the Museums, and the Jodrell Laboratory for their ever ready assistance. An examination of the original collection of Chinese drugs made by Daniel Hanbury and Porter Smith and others, stored in the Museum of the Pharmaceutical Society has been a fruitful source of information. The co-operation in this inquiry of Dr. Augustine Henry is gratefully acknowledged. Stationed in China for some years, Dr. Henry succeeded in collecting a considerable number of plants yielding drugs the origin of which was before unknown. His knowledge of botany in addition to that of Chinese has enabled him to make valued corrections and additions to the list. No work on Chinese commercial products would be complete without reference to the publications of Sir Alexander Hosie, Chief of the Imperial Customs, whose lamented death occured in 1925. His notes on the trade in Manchuria, Mongolia, and Szechwan have been great use, and I am greatly indebted to Lady Hosie for placing at my disposal some sheets of his templated but unfortunately unfinished Dictionary of Economic Products of China. Dr. Bernard Read, of Peking, and the distinguished pharmacognosist, Mr. E.M. Holmes, have also contributed many helpful suggestions. It has been considered desirable that the names of the drugs should appear in Chinese characters followed by the Romanized Mandarin transliterations. For this purpose the kind help has been obtained of Rev. T. W. Pearce, LL.D.,O.B.E., of the London Mission ; Rev. H. S. Cliff, of the China Inland Mission ; and Rev. S. B. Drake, of the Baptist Mission. In several cases the Cantonese pronunciation has been supplied, and as the Chinese pharmacists in the Malay Peninsula are Cantonese, it agrees closely with the names written in Malay upon the labels of the samples. These are enclosed in inverted commas. Owing to the fragmentary specimens of some kind of drugs consisting of fine slices of stems, roots,and barks, it has not been possible to trace the origin with any degree of certainty. A wide field of research lies open to the student of pharmacognosy in identifying these specimens with plants of authentic origin. The small list of mineral and animal substances are not scientifically classified : many of the specimens of the latter class recall the unpalatable drugs found in European pharmacy 200 years ago. Mr. Burkill has done excellent service in bringing together for the first time a collection of drugs used by the Chinese in the Malay Peninsula. From it we are able to learn that while the Chinese on the whole adhere to the use of drugs of their own country, probably on account of the geographical position of Singapore and neighbourhood, the materia medica has been decidedly influenced by the introduction of local and Indian products.
Index [Page 155 - 164]
Abstract:
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Year of Publication: 1929, Vol. 04 (11 & 12) (The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements)
Date Published
January 1929
Christensen, Carl
On some ferns from the Malay Peninsula [Page 375 - 407]
On some ferns from the Malay Peninsula [Page 375 - 407]
Abstract:
From Mr. R. E. Holttum, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, I have received in 1926 and 1927 two lots of duplicate specimens of ferns from the Peninsula. The specimens were of extraordinary interest to me, because I am now engaged in the determination of three very large collections of ferns from Borneo, in connection with a critical revision of the whole fern-flora of that large island, based on examination of type specimens received on loan from the leading herbaria in Europe and America. It soon became clear to me that the fern floras of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula are very intimately related, having a very large number of species in common. I found that some of the specimens from the Peninsula so kindly sent by Mr. Holttum were perfectly identical with others from Borneo, but in not a few cases different names were given to them. In July 1926 Mr. H. N. Ridley published his large paper, "The ferns of the Malay Peninsula" (Journ. Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Soc., 4, part 1), which work I have studies with considerable interest. It appears that Mr. Ridley has identified the great majority of his specimens at Kew, and has in several cases without criticism adopted Beddome's species. All modern pteridologists agree in taking the species in a narrower sense than Baker and Beddome, and to me several of Ridley's species are an assemblage of a number of most distinct forms. On the other hand he has adopted some of the species recently described by van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, who has described an immense number of new species which are scarcely all well founded, and not rarely identical with species previously described. Unfortunately a large number of his new species are not represented by authentic specimens in European herbaria, even not in Leiden and without examination of such specimens it is in most cases rather impossible to know whether his species are valid ones or not. As a certain number of the species adopted by Mr. Ridley were unknown to me, and others seemed to be wrongly named, I asked Mr. Holttum to send me a loan specimens of those species from the Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium, and very kindly he did so. Having thus had specimens of most species enumerated in Mr. Ridley's list, and having compared them with an immense quantity of material from Borneo and with numerous type specimens, I have been able to verify the determinations, or in several cases give the species their right names. In the present paper a part of my critical remarks are published. It contains descriptions of a couple of new species, the first record of several species for the Peninsula, and a revision of some groups of closely related species.
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From Mr. R. E. Holttum, Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, I have received in 1926 and 1927 two lots of duplicate specimens of ferns from the Peninsula. The specimens were of extraordinary interest to me, because I am now engaged in the determination of three very large collections of ferns from Borneo, in connection with a critical revision of the whole fern-flora of that large island, based on examination of type specimens received on loan from the leading herbaria in Europe and America. It soon became clear to me that the fern floras of Borneo and the Malay Peninsula are very intimately related, having a very large number of species in common. I found that some of the specimens from the Peninsula so kindly sent by Mr. Holttum were perfectly identical with others from Borneo, but in not a few cases different names were given to them. In July 1926 Mr. H. N. Ridley published his large paper, "The ferns of the Malay Peninsula" (Journ. Malayan Branch, R. Asiatic Soc., 4, part 1), which work I have studies with considerable interest. It appears that Mr. Ridley has identified the great majority of his specimens at Kew, and has in several cases without criticism adopted Beddome's species. All modern pteridologists agree in taking the species in a narrower sense than Baker and Beddome, and to me several of Ridley's species are an assemblage of a number of most distinct forms. On the other hand he has adopted some of the species recently described by van Alderwerelt van Rosenburgh, who has described an immense number of new species which are scarcely all well founded, and not rarely identical with species previously described. Unfortunately a large number of his new species are not represented by authentic specimens in European herbaria, even not in Leiden and without examination of such specimens it is in most cases rather impossible to know whether his species are valid ones or not. As a certain number of the species adopted by Mr. Ridley were unknown to me, and others seemed to be wrongly named, I asked Mr. Holttum to send me a loan specimens of those species from the Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium, and very kindly he did so. Having thus had specimens of most species enumerated in Mr. Ridley's list, and having compared them with an immense quantity of material from Borneo and with numerous type specimens, I have been able to verify the determinations, or in several cases give the species their right names. In the present paper a part of my critical remarks are published. It contains descriptions of a couple of new species, the first record of several species for the Peninsula, and a revision of some groups of closely related species.
Holttum, R. E.
New species of ferns from the Malay Peninsula [Page 408 - 410]
New species of ferns from the Malay Peninsula [Page 408 - 410]
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Henderson, M. R.
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula [Page 411 - 414]
Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula [Page 411 - 414]
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Furtado, C. X.
Further Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula [Page 415 - 416]
Further Additions to the Flora of the Malay Peninsula [Page 415 - 416]
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Furtado, C. X.
Ocimum, Linn., in the Malay Peninsula [Page 416 - 419]
Ocimum, Linn., in the Malay Peninsula [Page 416 - 419]
Abstract:
In the Peninsula all Ocimum species are cultivated plants, but frequently one comes across them as escapes and weeds in the settled areas. They are grown chiefly for the purposes of worship or for their medicinal value, or again for the purpose of scenting cooked preparations. O. sanctum, L., is sacred to the Hindu deities Krishna and Vishnu, and is frequently cultivated by the Hindus from Northern India near their dwellings, in places where they usually say their prayers. Some believe that the mere presence of the Ocimum round about the houses keep away the mosquitoes. An infusion of its leaves is used, either alone or mixed with that of other plants, internally to cure the minor disorders of the respiratory system and also irregular menstruation in women, and externally as a cure for the skin diseases, headache and earache. Medicinally leaves of any of the Ocimum species are considered good, but leaves of O. sanctum, L. and O. Basilicum, L. are regarded as superior to others. Leaves of O. canum, Sims, and of the white-flowered, hairy varieties of O. Basilicum, L. are used in culinary preparations. The leaves and calyces of O. Basilicum, L. var. pilosum, Benth. has been reported to be a frequent adulterant of the patchouly (Pogostemon Cablin, Benth.) prepared for export from this country. (Gildemeister & Hoffmann in the Volatile Oils Engl. Ed. (1900) 657 ; and Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal LXXIV pt. 2 Extra No. (1907) 702 & 709 ). In his notes on the Malayan drugs, Ridley notes that the flowers of O. Basilicum, L. form one of the ingredients used in root decoction of Phyllanthus Niruri, L. given to cure cough in children, and that an infusion of the seeds O. gratissimum, L. is drunk for gonorrhea, and also in the morning as laxative. (Agri. Bull. S.S. & F.M.S. V,- 1906 - 248 & 278.) Being introduced plants in the Peninsula, the Malays have no fixed vernacular name for the Ocimum species. Kemangi is the usual name for O. canum, Sims, but it may also be used for the white-flowered varieties of O. Basilicum that are used in cooking. Silasi or Selaseh, a corruption of the Sanskrit name Tulasi for the Ocimums, Pokoh derived from the Chinese name Poh Hok for peppermint, and Ruku are used indiscriminately to all the species of the Ocimum, but rarely to O. canum, Sims. The last two names are usually used in the plural form as Ruku-Ruku and Pokoh-Pokoh. The singulars being seldom used. As in the Malay language the plural form, when applied to plants, usually implies that the plants bear in some way a resemblance to the some other plant native of Malaya, as for instance aromatic Adenosma capitatum, Benth., which is now known to the Malays as Ruku hutan. The word Kemangi is usually used alone, but all the others may be applied alone or with the adjective merah, hitam, puteh or besar to describe the general size or colour of the plants in the living condition. Oku or Oku-Oku, are apparently corruptions of the Ruku or Ruku-Ruku. The white-flowered, hairy varieies of O. Basilicum, L., approach so near to O. canum, Sims, that botanically it is very difficult to separate them as distinct species except by the larger size of all the parts of O. Basilicum, L. The Malays also do not seem to make any difference between them, and the varieties of O. Basilicum, L. have the same vernacular name and uses as O. canum, Sims. All the above names are also applied by the Malays to Hyptis suaveolens, Poir, another aromatic plant foreign origin belonging to the same family as the Ocimums. The most usual adjective that accompanies the names in this caes is hutan to show that the plant is a weed or wild in the Peninsula. The key and the descriptions of Ocimum species given by Ridley in the Flora of the Malay Peninsula II (1923) 643, are not very satisfactory for the identification of the species occurring in the Peninsula, and hence the key given below has been prepared after study of the plants in the herbarium as well as in the living condition.
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In the Peninsula all Ocimum species are cultivated plants, but frequently one comes across them as escapes and weeds in the settled areas. They are grown chiefly for the purposes of worship or for their medicinal value, or again for the purpose of scenting cooked preparations. O. sanctum, L., is sacred to the Hindu deities Krishna and Vishnu, and is frequently cultivated by the Hindus from Northern India near their dwellings, in places where they usually say their prayers. Some believe that the mere presence of the Ocimum round about the houses keep away the mosquitoes. An infusion of its leaves is used, either alone or mixed with that of other plants, internally to cure the minor disorders of the respiratory system and also irregular menstruation in women, and externally as a cure for the skin diseases, headache and earache. Medicinally leaves of any of the Ocimum species are considered good, but leaves of O. sanctum, L. and O. Basilicum, L. are regarded as superior to others. Leaves of O. canum, Sims, and of the white-flowered, hairy varieties of O. Basilicum, L. are used in culinary preparations. The leaves and calyces of O. Basilicum, L. var. pilosum, Benth. has been reported to be a frequent adulterant of the patchouly (Pogostemon Cablin, Benth.) prepared for export from this country. (Gildemeister & Hoffmann in the Volatile Oils Engl. Ed. (1900) 657 ; and Prain in Journ. As. Soc. Bengal LXXIV pt. 2 Extra No. (1907) 702 & 709 ). In his notes on the Malayan drugs, Ridley notes that the flowers of O. Basilicum, L. form one of the ingredients used in root decoction of Phyllanthus Niruri, L. given to cure cough in children, and that an infusion of the seeds O. gratissimum, L. is drunk for gonorrhea, and also in the morning as laxative. (Agri. Bull. S.S. & F.M.S. V,- 1906 - 248 & 278.) Being introduced plants in the Peninsula, the Malays have no fixed vernacular name for the Ocimum species. Kemangi is the usual name for O. canum, Sims, but it may also be used for the white-flowered varieties of O. Basilicum that are used in cooking. Silasi or Selaseh, a corruption of the Sanskrit name Tulasi for the Ocimums, Pokoh derived from the Chinese name Poh Hok for peppermint, and Ruku are used indiscriminately to all the species of the Ocimum, but rarely to O. canum, Sims. The last two names are usually used in the plural form as Ruku-Ruku and Pokoh-Pokoh. The singulars being seldom used. As in the Malay language the plural form, when applied to plants, usually implies that the plants bear in some way a resemblance to the some other plant native of Malaya, as for instance aromatic Adenosma capitatum, Benth., which is now known to the Malays as Ruku hutan. The word Kemangi is usually used alone, but all the others may be applied alone or with the adjective merah, hitam, puteh or besar to describe the general size or colour of the plants in the living condition. Oku or Oku-Oku, are apparently corruptions of the Ruku or Ruku-Ruku. The white-flowered, hairy varieies of O. Basilicum, L., approach so near to O. canum, Sims, that botanically it is very difficult to separate them as distinct species except by the larger size of all the parts of O. Basilicum, L. The Malays also do not seem to make any difference between them, and the varieties of O. Basilicum, L. have the same vernacular name and uses as O. canum, Sims. All the above names are also applied by the Malays to Hyptis suaveolens, Poir, another aromatic plant foreign origin belonging to the same family as the Ocimums. The most usual adjective that accompanies the names in this caes is hutan to show that the plant is a weed or wild in the Peninsula. The key and the descriptions of Ocimum species given by Ridley in the Flora of the Malay Peninsula II (1923) 643, are not very satisfactory for the identification of the species occurring in the Peninsula, and hence the key given below has been prepared after study of the plants in the herbarium as well as in the living condition.
Furtado, C. X.
Palaquium stellatum, King and Gamble [Page 419 - 420]
Palaquium stellatum, King and Gamble [Page 419 - 420]
Abstract:
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Furtado, C. X.
Species of Neesia in the Malay Peninsula [Page 421 - 425]
Species of Neesia in the Malay Peninsula [Page 421 - 425]
Abstract:
The primary object of this note is to restore to its proper rank, the species Neesia synandra, Masters, the specific status of which has long been in doubt, and also to show the limits of distribution of all the three species found in the Malay Peninsula. That Masters had made a careful examination of the type specimen of his species is quite clear from the generic characters given by him under Neesia in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. I pt. 2 (1874) 352, which as far as the leaves and flowers were concerned, were all a result of his own observations made of the type specimen of his species. But the confusion occurred owing to a mistake he made in giving almost all the important characters of his species under the generic description, where they escaped the attention of the botanists who tried to study his species, giving the minor ones under the description of his species. It was probably his intention to show the characters of the genus Neesia as he had found it in the Malay Peninsula; applicable, at least in the characters of the filaments, to Neesia altissima, Bl., the only other Neesia species known then; in fact he himself draws attention to this fact under the descritpion of his species. The result of the transference, which Masters unwittingly made, of the important specific characters to the generic descritpion was that Neesia synandra, Mast., was either regarded as a doubtful species, or confused with others quite distinct. Hence a detailed description of Neesia synandra, Mast., and a sufficient synonymy of all the three species occurring in the Peninsula together with an artificial key are given below so as to make their distinctions and their specific ranks quite clear.
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The primary object of this note is to restore to its proper rank, the species Neesia synandra, Masters, the specific status of which has long been in doubt, and also to show the limits of distribution of all the three species found in the Malay Peninsula. That Masters had made a careful examination of the type specimen of his species is quite clear from the generic characters given by him under Neesia in Hook. f. Flor. Brit. Ind. I pt. 2 (1874) 352, which as far as the leaves and flowers were concerned, were all a result of his own observations made of the type specimen of his species. But the confusion occurred owing to a mistake he made in giving almost all the important characters of his species under the generic description, where they escaped the attention of the botanists who tried to study his species, giving the minor ones under the description of his species. It was probably his intention to show the characters of the genus Neesia as he had found it in the Malay Peninsula; applicable, at least in the characters of the filaments, to Neesia altissima, Bl., the only other Neesia species known then; in fact he himself draws attention to this fact under the descritpion of his species. The result of the transference, which Masters unwittingly made, of the important specific characters to the generic descritpion was that Neesia synandra, Mast., was either regarded as a doubtful species, or confused with others quite distinct. Hence a detailed description of Neesia synandra, Mast., and a sufficient synonymy of all the three species occurring in the Peninsula together with an artificial key are given below so as to make their distinctions and their specific ranks quite clear.
Burkill, I. H.
Anisophylla Gaudichaudiana, Baill, is A. grandis Benth., [Page 426 - 426]
Anisophylla Gaudichaudiana, Baill, is A. grandis Benth., [Page 426 - 426]
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Year of Publication: 1928, Vol. 04 (6-10) (The Gardens' Bulletin, Straits Settlements)
Date Published
January 1928
Henderson, M. R.
The Flowering Plants of Kuala Lumpur, in the Malay Peninsula [Page 211 - 373]
The Flowering Plants of Kuala Lumpur, in the Malay Peninsula [Page 211 - 373]
Abstract:
The following pages contain a list of the Higher Plants known from Kuala Lumpur and its vicinity. The area which the list covers is roughly that included in a circle of which the centre is Kuala Lumpur and the radius is fifteen miles. The circle has been stretched to include nearby places from which important collections have come, but collections have not been made from every place within it. The montane flora of the Main Range has been excluded in an endeavour to make the list contain only lowland species, but it has not been possible to do this accurately, as very few specimens were found to bear any indication of the altitude at which they were located. The following are the localities from which have come the collections utilised in the compilation of the list: - Ampang Forest Reserve, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Batang Berjuntai Forest Reserve, Batu Tiga, Batu Caves, Bukit Belachan Forest Reserve, Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve, Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, Bukit Raja Forest Reserve, Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve, Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve, Damansara, Dusun Tua, Kajang, Kanching, Kepong, Klang Gates, Kuala Lumpur, Kuang, Petaling, Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Pudu, Rantau, Seminyih, Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve, Ulu Gombak, Ulu Langkat, Weld's Hill Forest Reserve. During recent years, the Forest Department has collected very largely in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, and full advantage has been taken of these collections in compiling the list. Towards the end of 1921 H. L. Hume made large collections for the F. M. S. Museums in the Batang Berjuntai and Rantau Panjang Forest Reserves, at Klang Gates, in the Ulu Gombak, and at various places close to Kuala Lumpur. These collections, along with the remainder of the F.M.S. Museums Herbariums, have now been loaned indefinitely to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Ridley and his subordinate Goodenough collected at Kuala Lumpur while inspecting forests from 1889 onwards. Smaller collections in this area have been made by Burkill, Kloss, Henderson, Milsum, Sands, and Mohamed Nur. The writer is indebted to Dr. Foxworthy for much help, and for access to the herbarium of the Forest Department.
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The following pages contain a list of the Higher Plants known from Kuala Lumpur and its vicinity. The area which the list covers is roughly that included in a circle of which the centre is Kuala Lumpur and the radius is fifteen miles. The circle has been stretched to include nearby places from which important collections have come, but collections have not been made from every place within it. The montane flora of the Main Range has been excluded in an endeavour to make the list contain only lowland species, but it has not been possible to do this accurately, as very few specimens were found to bear any indication of the altitude at which they were located. The following are the localities from which have come the collections utilised in the compilation of the list: - Ampang Forest Reserve, Ayer Hitam Forest Reserve, Batang Berjuntai Forest Reserve, Batu Tiga, Batu Caves, Bukit Belachan Forest Reserve, Bukit Cheraka Forest Reserve, Bukit Lagong Forest Reserve, Bukit Raja Forest Reserve, Bukit Tarek Forest Reserve, Bukit Tunggal Forest Reserve, Damansara, Dusun Tua, Kajang, Kanching, Kepong, Klang Gates, Kuala Lumpur, Kuang, Petaling, Public Gardens, Kuala Lumpur, Pudu, Rantau, Seminyih, Sungai Buloh Forest Reserve, Ulu Gombak, Ulu Langkat, Weld's Hill Forest Reserve. During recent years, the Forest Department has collected very largely in the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, and full advantage has been taken of these collections in compiling the list. Towards the end of 1921 H. L. Hume made large collections for the F. M. S. Museums in the Batang Berjuntai and Rantau Panjang Forest Reserves, at Klang Gates, in the Ulu Gombak, and at various places close to Kuala Lumpur. These collections, along with the remainder of the F.M.S. Museums Herbariums, have now been loaned indefinitely to the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. Ridley and his subordinate Goodenough collected at Kuala Lumpur while inspecting forests from 1889 onwards. Smaller collections in this area have been made by Burkill, Kloss, Henderson, Milsum, Sands, and Mohamed Nur. The writer is indebted to Dr. Foxworthy for much help, and for access to the herbarium of the Forest Department.
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