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In the paper which appeared under the above title in the April number of the Gardens' Bulletin, several points of interest to the prospective planter of the oil-palm were touched upon, which it is now proposed to treat more fully.

 

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One of the first things noticed by the newcomer to the East is the red appearance on the lips and teeth of the natives together with their habit of chewing. He may also observe, particularly in country districts, that many of the natives carry a small tin or receptacle of some description about with them. A peep into the tin would bring to light various things but chief amongst them would be found some betel nut and betel leaves.  These form the chief constituents of the mixture known as "betel" which is chewed by many of the Eastern people. In towns the mixture may be seen ready made up for sale.  It is inteded to give a brief outline of these two ingredients namely Betel Nut, the seeds of Areca Catechu, L., and Betel leaf, the leaf of Piper betle, L. The production of the former particularly, is essentially a native industry and is interesting on the account.   

 

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The Chinese who grow yams in the Malay Peninsula do not trouble to stake them.  This fails to obtain the best yield and should be remedied.

 

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The question as to what extent groups of trees are effected by lightning and how far the damage extends after they have been struck is frequently discussed on estates where apprehension is often felt as to how wide a circle from the tree actually struck will be affected. The following extract taken from the Indian Forester Vol. XLVI. No. 3. contains interesting observations on this subject.

 

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In clearing the jungle from an estate it is often a great source of trouble and expense to get rid of the large jungle trees. Too often does one see their stumps and roots remaining, a ready centre of fungus infection to the rubber trees just when they are beginning to bear at their best. The following note taken from the Indian Forester, May,1920, may be of assistance to those about to clear jungle. Of course this method can only be employed whilst the tree is yet living.

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Although we are only at a beginning of our study of the cryptogamic flora of Malaya, it has been found that in collecting together the information already published in separate papers the material has been provided for a nucleus of a Host Index for this country. It has been considered advisable that this information should be published forthwith in index form and added to as further records are established, rather than delay publication for some years in order to obtain a more complete work. In considering the form this work should take it has been deemed expedient to include all fungi recorded on a plant rather than only those that have hitherto been definitely determined as parasites. The advantage of such a list being in the first place that it is very difficult to establish definitely which are parasites and which are saprophytes, and secondly fungi determined as saprophytes now may in a little while be found to be parasites. In this matter the following list differs somewhat from the Host Indexes that have been issued for other countries. Many well known diseases often regarded as quite common will not be found included as it often proves on investigation that such popular beliefs have not been actually recorded by the scientist. The arrangement of the list is alphabetically under the host plants. A systematic arrangements of hosts was considered to limit the use of such list as this to those few scientists who are familiar with systematic botany, and as it is hoped this list will prove useful to a larger circle the alphabetical arrrangement has been adopted. For a similar reason the descriptions of the fungi have been given in popular language rather than scientific. The material from which this list has been compiled is the work of H. N. Ridley, W. J. Gallagher, K. Bancroft, A. Sharples, W. N. C. Belgrave, R. M. Richards and C. F. Baker published during the past few years in local bulletins and periodicals.

 

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Though not badly attacked as a whole by pests, palms have a number of enemies which have to be dealt with. In view of this fact it is felt that a few words concerning them, together with a few notes for guidance in dealing with them, would be helpful. These pests are practically all insects, being for the most part beetles and their larvae, the larvae of one or two butterflies, grasshoppers, scale, etc. The plants do not seem to suffer much from fungus diseases, in fact up to the present only two cases have come to the notice of the writer, these being on two species of Cocos which were attacked by a leaf fungus. The following is an enumeration of the chief pests so far noted in the Botanic Gardens.

 

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Two cases of what presumably are cases of polyembryony were recently noticed by Mr. G. B. Deshmukh on germinating seeds in the Economic Gardens.

 

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The following extracts are taken from a report read by Mr. W. Nowell, D.I.C., Mycologist, Imperial Department of Agriculture, Trinidad on Oct. 16, 1919, and published in the " Agricultural News " Vol. XVIII, No. 460. It is considered it may be of interest to local growers of coconuts. 

 

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The sources from which paper pulp can be obtained are continually being discussed especially with a view to seeing what products of tropical forests or open country that are at present wasted can be turned to good account. The results of investigations on bamboos, grasses, ets., are given in Bulletin No. 16 of the Philippines Bureau of Forestry.

 

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In the last issue of the Garden's Bulletin page 205, mention was made of a beetle attacking the Lima Beans in the Economic Gardens.  Other material was collected and forwarded to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. In his reply the Director states :- "The fly is Agromyza phaseoli, Coq. a widely distributed pest of beans. The beetle belongs to the family Eumolpidae, the species being Pagria flavopustulata, Baly. " With regards to the methods for dealing with bean-fly, the remedies of which I enclose particular have been adopted with success in Australia. 

 

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But two brief notes have so far been published on the fine collection of Palms growing in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The first in the " Agricultural Bulletin, S. and F. M. S." (Vol. III, p. 249 ) in 1904, the second in the same Journal (Vol. V, p. 6) in 1906, both presumably by Mr. Ridley. In the fourteen years since the last article was written many additions, and it is feared several losses, have to be recorded and accordingly it seemed desirable thoroughly to investigate the collection again. The present paper is the outcome of this work.  

 

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A little while ago an enquiry was received asking what were the fungus diseases of Hevea brasiliensis. On consulting the literature on this subject it was ascertained that there was no recent complete enumeration of the disease that have been found to attack this tree in Malaya. Such lists have been prepared for other countries, as for instance by Petch for the Hevea in Ceylon, but the diseases are not necessarily the same in different countries and it seemed desirable therefore to have a list for Malaya. At the same time the present paper goes further than recording the diseases that have actually been proved and enumerates all fungi, both those that are known to be parasitic and those that are so far regarded as saprophytic, which have been found on Hevea locally. The importance of having such a list is ably reasoned by Professsor C. F. Baker in Vol. II, No. 4 of the "Gardens Bulletin," in his article "Hevea versus Fungi." The records from this compilation is made are the works and collections of H. N. Ridley, W. J. Gallagher, K. Bancroft, A. Sharples, W. N. C. Belgrave, R. M. Richards, and C. F. Baker. It is considered that additions will have to be made to this list from time to time as further investigations produce new records. Ridley in "The Agricultural Bulletin, Straits Settlements and Federated Malay States," Vol. X, 1911, page 141, quoting M. George Vernet gives on page 143 "a list of all pests recorded to the plant," and numerates 25 species of fungus, ending with the comment, "This may seem a formidable list but it is really small compared with the pests which attract most cultivated plants." The same remark may equally well apply to the list but it is to be hoped that the latter part of it may now be modified considerably. One might indeed at first wonder whether the Hevea would grow at all under the burden of such a number of uninvited guests, and so far no other kind of tree in Malaya has so many fungi observed on it. It must be remembered however that the chief reason so many fungi are here recorded is that so much individual attention has been paid to the Hevea by Malayan mycologists. There is no doubt that an equally large number of fungi would be found on any other tree grown under similar conditions and studied so assiduously and sympathetically by experts. In the present list the fungi are grouped according to their respective habitats. It will be seen that all parts of the tree carry their quota and that all the great groups of fungi are represented.     

 

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The preceeding experiments, much abridged as they are here given, show that the toxic principle of the tuba-root kills insects by acting both as a contact and as a stomach poison. It kills some insects easily, and others with difficulty, but it usually acts slowly and seems to kill by motor paralysis. The above tests were made under srtict control at the Agricultural Boards Testing Laboratory of Vienna (Va). They put beyond dispute the efficacy of tuba-root as a plant-insect poison and give it a high place among agricultural insecticides.

 

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The following notes on the flowers of the Papaya (Carica papaya) are compiled from the observations of some plants grown in the Economic Gardens, Singapore. An examination of the pollen of different types of flowers showed a considerable difference in the germination of the pollen grains but unfortunately, owing to thefts of fruit the ultimate results of the work could not be observed.

 

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From a perusal of the recent publications of the Scientific departments of the surrounding countries one is struck with a noticeable change in the type of article now appearing.  Hitherto one has had the preliminary records and interim reports of the pioneer who tackled any subject that from time to time assumed economical importance. Now one sees on all sides atttempts to sum up the information so far gathered and published piecemeal and the result is a series of comprehensive papers, one might almost say monographs, which are now appearing and which deal exhaustively so far as our knowledge up to date goes of whole subjects rather than isolated and unconnected items. It would seem that the first period of preliminary investigation of the pioneer who was an all round scientific and technical man has closed and that in future the specialists who have been arriving in these parts in recent years will each conduct his investigations henceforth in a much more restricted field but correspondingly probing into his subject all the more deeply. In illustration of these comprehensive articles referred to the following are representative.

 

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In a recent number of the Philippine Agricultural Review, Vol. XI., 1918, page 13, Mr. P. J. Wester has remarked that existing literature seems to indicate the Coconut palm to have "probably not more than thirty five distinct varieties" and he adds that such is a remarkably small number considering the antiquity of its cultivation and its wide distribution. Whether this be right or not, investigation only can prove. In Singapore Island fourteen exist, twelve differing from each other in the nut, and two differing also in growth. With this issue of the Gardens'  Bulletin figures are given of the nuts of these Singpaore races.

 

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This little study of secondary jungle is a mite only towards the comprehension of the great complex "rain forest" of Malaya. It is an attempt to make use of the clearing of a small area, with a more or less known history, where nature had been for thirty years at her work of reconstruction. Many hundreds of such studies are needed, and the interest in them will grow as the problems to be solved become more and more apparent upon comparison of results. At present such comparison is impossible: for this study is but a beginning.

 

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In the Gardens' Bulletin, Vol. 1, pp. 396 - 399 (1917) an illustrated account of the Lesser Yam - Dioscorea esculenta, (Lour.) Burk., was given. The purpose of that account was to indicate its root-characters and to show how several races, then in cultivation, differed from each other. Those races came from India, French Indo-China and the Philippines islands.  Since 1917 three races from Papua have been introduced into the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, by the kindness of His Excellency Judge J. H. P. Murray, Lieut.-Governor of Papua: they bear names ascribed to the Hanuabada language, and are apparently from the country to the west of Port Moresby.  These three races are figured on the plate with this issue. One of them is quite unlike any of the races experimentally grown earlier; the other two are like the Philippine race "Buga" in general characters. All three produce male flowers, and are wild in Papua. This production of male flowers in wild races is one of the most curious things about Dioscorea esculenta, which otherwise produces no flowers at all. To understand how the female flowers alone should have been lost is impossible with our present knowledge.

 

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The daily round in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, with visits of inspection to Penang or to other places in the Peninsula have afforded scattered opportunities during seven years, of making notes upon the behaviour of insects in regard to flowers. These notes will be brought into one view here.