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This is the third of a series of reports upon the cultivation of the Greater Yam in the Gardens, Singapore. The first was printed in this Bulletin, Vol. I., No. 9, pp. 297 - 304. and in it outline camera lucida drawings of sixteen races were given. The second report was printed in Vol. I., double No. 11 - 12, pp. 371 - 196, with illustrations from photographs of fifteen races upon six plates. In this report fourteen races are illustrated upon four plates, no. 76, appearing upon two of them. Besides these three reports, there is another in the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester, Vol. III., 1915, pp. 205 - 209, with illustrations of seven races. When the first report in the Gardens' Bulletin and that in the Philippine Agriculturist and Forester were published, the numbering system of the Gardens had not been made consistent, and was not referred to: therefore it is now convenient to draw into one list the races already illustrated, - being in all thirty-eight. This list is printed as an appendix on pp. 12 - 44.

 

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The following taken from the Agricultural News, West Indies, of August 11th, 1917, Vol. XVI, pp. 254 - 255, is worth reading and digesting ; for in Malaya, damping-off is one of the greatest troubles that a gardener has to contend with. The method recommended in it has been tried in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore; and so far there is nothing to be said against it except the necessity of teaching the ignorant tukang kebun to handle the Sulphuric Acid respectfully; and as the use of burnt earth can be avoided in some measure, pecuniary gain is brought into sight.

 

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The year 1919, the centenary of the founding of the settlement of Singapore, brings in the sixtieth year of Botanic Gardens; and their early history is becoming obscure. Moreover the records are only in the two older Singapore newspapers, which is laborious to consult, and of which single files exist. These two reasons enough for reproducing here six reports, and for bringing them into one view by a brief introduction, with quotations from the old papers.

 

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Catochrysops pandava, Horsf., is a beautiful little butterfly when seen with its silky lavender blue wings expanded; but it is very destructive in a garden to Cycads: for the caterpillar is a gourmet and feeds on the youngest leaves, utterly destroying them, so that the plant is left untidy for the months which pass it until it can produce a fresh crop. How untidy it can be, is seen in the accompanying plate. Cycads which had been attacked by the insect and had no young leaves left, produced in the Botanic Gardens a new crop at the end of three months, often only to be attacked again.

 

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Upon a visit of inspection to Malacca in July, 1917 it was observed that some pest had been attacking the Coconut palms in a serious way between Malacca town and Tanjong Kling, seven miles distant. The effect of the attack was apparent to any one, even at some distance, by the brown colour of all the old leaves; every palm in the area of attack appeared as if scorched, appeared as if attacked by the moth Brachartona which produces this appearance: but on examination of the trees it was obvious that Barchartona had not done the damage. The young leaves were found to be free, for the most part, from any cause of injury, but on the intermediate leaves sharply defined areas of dead tissue were to be seen: and on the older leaves these areas had become confluent, and the tissues were generally dead and often tattered. The cause of the injury was not detected on the first visit, but the limits of its attack were ascertained as above, Malacca town to Tanjong Kling, and inland only about a mile. Arrangements were then made that an officer of the Department, namely Professor Baker, should throughly investigate the attack by an early visit; but advance information to the effect that the Government of the Philippines intended to recall him interfered with the plan in such a way that the next inspection in Malacca only took place in December, when the writer was fortunate enough to find the pest, - a beetle, - mature and on the wing. This beetle proves to be Promecotheca cumingii. 

 

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Rainfall at the Director's house, Botanic Gardens, Singapore, during the first half of the year, 1917, in inches. Readings taken always at 8 a.m. and credited to the date in which twenty-four hours begin.

 

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On July 3rd, 1914, one of us (I. H. B.) was sent to Malacca to enquire into the locust problem ; and on August 15th, 1914, the other (P. C. C.-B.) was appointed Special Assistant for Locust Destruction in Malacca, and went into residence there. We continued to work together until the commencement of November 1915 ; and we here repoprt on the work done.

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Europeans in the East do not know, how to cook yams: therefore the following recipes are reproduced from one of the publications of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the British West Indies.

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In the course of two years observations on Dioscoreas in Singapore the caterpillars of three lepidoptera have attracted attention. There are: Theretra nessus, Moore, Loxura atymnus, Horsf. And Tagiades gana, Butl. The second in the most injurious.

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On a journey of inspection down the Pahang river in June, 1913, the late Mr. A. M. Burn Murdoch, took with him a collector from the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, and obtained the species here enumerated. The collecting began near Temerloh, which is 75 miles in a straight line from the coast, and was continued down the tortuous course of the river to its mouth, whence again northwards, it was carried up the coast to Balok. Nos. 151 - 179 came for Temerloh and its neighbourhood. Nos. 180 - 192 came from places on the first 60 miles of this river's course below Temerloh. Nos. 193 - 200, and 301 -311 came from the neighbourhood of the Chenik river where is a forest reserve. Nos. 312 - 332 were collected below the Chenik river, chiefly about Kwala Pahang. Near Kuantan, Balok and Beserah were collected Nos. 201 - 204 and Nos. 333 - 350. There is a paper by Mr. H. N. Ridley on the flora of this part of the Peninsula in the Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, 2nd. Series, Botany, iii., pp. 267-408, enumerating very many more plants than are here recorded; but nevertheless Mr. Burn Murdoch's bundles add much information towards a knowledge of the distribution of plants in the Peninsula. There is a further brief notice of the flora of the lower part of the Pahang river in the Journal of the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, part 25 (1894) pp. 33-37. Mr. Ridley has kindly described the novelties of the collection in the Journal of Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, No.. 68 (1915), pp. 12-14. Here after each name an indication is given of the dispersal which that plant has in the Peninsula: and unfortunately the scantiness of our knowledge of the flora of the Eastern side is made evident in it.

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So little is known of the botany of eastern Johore that it is of interest to record the receipt from Mr. St. V. B. Down, of the following three orchids collected by him on the Sedili river near Dohol :- Eria vestita, Lindl., Eria velutina, Lindl., 30 feet above the river on a Lagerstroemia indica, associated with Drynaria.  Dendrobium Serra, Lindl..

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The prickly pear which may be seen near the coast about Tanjong Katong, on various roofs in Singapore town, sometimes in Chinese gardens and often in pots in Chinese houses, is Opuntia monacantha, Haw., and not Opuntia Dillenii, Haw., as recorded.

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Culture et Exploitation du Caoutchouc au Bresil, by O. Labroy and V. Cayla, Paris, 1913, pp. 1 - 233.