Year of Publication: 1996, Vol. 48 (01 & 02)

Date Published 28 February 1998
Lim, C. K.
Unravelling Iguanura BL. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia [Page 1 - 64]
Abstract:
Based on over four years of field studies, a revision of the palm genus Iguanura Bl. in Peninsular Malaysia is presented, listing 16 taxa including seven new species and one new variety.

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LaFrankie, J. V.
Distribution and abundance of Malayan trees: significance of family characteristics for conservation [Page 75 - 87]
Abstract:
Taxonomic families of plants that characterize the lowland Malayan rain forest differ from one another nearly ten-fold in quantitative meaures of distribution and abundance. A 50-ha sample of 300,000 trees includes 814 species or fully one-fourth of the Malayan tree-flora. The median adult population size of trees and shrubs is a linear function of area. From the Pasoh equations, we can calculate the area needed to capture an adult population of a specific size for a particular fraction of the flora, i.e. for 90% of the Pasoh tree flora to be represented by more than 200 adults per species will require about 3000 ha of forest. These equations indicate how many species will have a specific population size within a forest, but not which species. I test the alternative hypothesis that the large characteristic families of the Malayan forest either do or do not differ more than 10-fold in median species abundance and species representation. The Pasoh data reject the latter hypothesis. The characteristics taxonomic families of the lowland forest, eg. Dipterocarpaceae. Sapotaceae and Burserace vary in representation from 10% of regional species to 60%, the power functions of species - area curves vary nearly 10-fold, and medianabundances vary from less than 1 to more than 10 individuals per ha. These flndings are confirmed in part from an analysis of the flora ot Singapore which, with regard to representation, illustrates patterns identical to those at Pasoh. The consequences for conservation are two-fold: (1) general conservation strategies should not be based on studies of focal families; (2) different taxonomic families of trees and shrubs will require very different strategies of reserve design for their conservation.

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Sanderson. F.R., Fong, Y.K., Saiful Anuar, M.S., Yik, C.P., and Ong, K.H.
A Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum ) of Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) in Singapore  [Page 89 - 127]
Abstract:
The Angsana wilt disease affecting Pterocarpus indicus in Singapore and caused by Fusarium oxysporum was first reported in Malacca in 1870. Following several outbreaks in various parts ot the Peninsular Malaysia the disease was recorded in Singapore in 1914 and by 1919 many of Singapore's Angsanas had either been killed by the disease was recorded in Singapore in 1914 and by 1919 many of Singapore's Angsanas had either been killed by the disease or removed to prevent its further spread. Sporadic occurrences of the disease occurred around Singapore between1970 and 1982 resulting in a rapid investigation of the disease and the implementation of control measures. Between 1980 and 1992, more than 800 Angsanas were removed as a consequence of the disease. Although both F. oxysporum , and F. solani were consistently isolated from infected trees only F. oxysporum proved to be pathogenic in inoculation experiments. During a 10 month period, 170 Angsana trees were inpected because they had symptons similar to the Angsana wilt disease. Of the 170 trees, 86% (147) were infested with F. oxysporum were the result of lightning strikes. Of the 147 infected trees, 90% had also been struck be lightning and 87% had both lightning and ambrosia beetle infestations. The remaining 15 trees (10%) which were not struck bv lightning were at secondary infection sites where an adjacent Angsana had already been removed because it was infected with F. oxysporum.  
The hypothesis presented here for the life cycle of the Angsana wilt disease is that lightning damage to an Angsana. provides the stress which attracts the ambrosia beetles. If these beetles are contaminated with F. oxysporum spores , then infection is likely to follow. The secondary spread away from this primary infection site, is by F. oxysporum which has entered the soil from the infected tree. Short term control startegies are discussed which include the rapid removal of all lightning damaged trees and the use of insecticides and fungcidies either sprayed or injected to prevent the establishment of new infection sites.; Long term control is anticipated following screening of Angsanas collected from a wide geographical area, and selection of resistence to F. oxysporum
Key Words: Ambrosia beetles; Angsana; Angsana wilt; Fusarium oxysporum ; Fusarium wilt; injection; lightning; Platypus parallelus; Pterocarpus indicus ; resistence.

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Turner, I.M., Boo, C.M., Wong, Y.K., Chew, P.T. and Ali Ibrahim
Freshwater swamp forest in Singapore, with particular reference to that found around the Nee Soon Firing Ranges [Page 129 - 157]
Abstract:
The freshwater swamp forest found around the firing ranges at Nee Soon is the last remaining area of this forest formation in Singapore. The vascular plant flora of freshwater swamp forest in Singapore is reviewed, with particular reference to the Nee Soon forest. Some preliminary soil, water and foliar analyses indicate that the swamp forest at Nee Soon may have considerably higher amounts of phosphorous available to the vegetation than the dryland forest of Bukit Timah Nature Reserve. Nitrogen and Potassium availabilities appear to be similar at the two sites. The Nee Soon swamp forest is an extremely important site tor Singapore's native biota and should receive the highest priority for conservation.

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 Zulkifli, M., Latiff, A., Bidin. A.A. and Jaman, R.
A preliminary survey of ferns and fern-allies of Gunung Kajang area, Pulau Tioman. [Page 159 - 188]
Abstract:
A total of 149 specimens of ferns and fem-allies were collected during two trips to Gunung Kajang, Pulau Tioman. They were identified 24 families, 59 genera, 95, 1 subspecies and 11 varieties, excluding 2 species whose identity were uncertain. Asplenium contnbutes the largest number among genera, with 9 species, followed by Selaginella (6 species) and Selliguea (4 species) and 39 species were identified as new records to Pulau Tioman fern flora.

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Faridah-Hanum, I.
Morphological variation of Pangium edule Reinw. Fruits in Malaysia. [Page 189 - 194]
Abstract:
Morphological variation of fruits and seeds occurring in Pangium edule is described. The fruits of typical form, "kepayang lenga" are oblong with blunt apices, those of "kepayang papan" are subglobular and the apices are sharp while those of "kepayang bubur" are ellipsoidal and the apices are blunt. Seeds differ in their sizes too. 

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Latiff, A., Natrah Mohamad and Zainudin Ibrahim, A.
Ternstroemia magnifica Stapf ex Ridley (Theaceae) and Kibatalia macrophylla (Pierre) Woodson (Apocynaceae), two species new to Peninsular Malaysia [Page 195 - 200]
Abstract:
Recent collections of Ternstroemia magnifica Stapf ex Ridley (Theaceae) and Kibatalia macrophylla (Pierre) Woodson (Apocynaceae) were made in Bangi Permanent Forest Reserve, Selangor, and Langkawi Islands, Kedah, respectively, representing new records for the flora of Peninsular Malaysia. Diagnostic descriptions and keys to species are presented with some morphological notes.

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Chantaranothai, P.
A new species of Barringtonia (Lecythidaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia [Page 201 - 202]
Abstract:
A new species, of Barringtonia, B. terengganuensis P. Chantaranothai, is described and illustrated from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia.

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Khatoon, S.
Ontogenetic basis of polyad symmetry in Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. [Page 203 - 206]
Abstract:
Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. bears more or less radially symmetric polyad. The polyad is formed by eight equal sized, decussate tetrads, thus consisting of 32 pollen grains. In the present work, the ontogeny of the polyad is studied and the results show that the symmetry of the polyad is effected by the fact that the premeiotic nuclear divisions in the sporogenous cell precede cell-wall formation.

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Theilade, I.
Revision of the genus Zingiber in Peninsular Malaysia [Page 207 - 236]
Abstract:
Zingiber (Boehm.) comprises nineteen species in Peninsular Malaysia. Seventeen of these are included in the section Zingiber while two belong to the section Cryptanthium Horan. A new species., Z. fraser i, from Fraser's Hill in Pahang, and a new variety, Zingiber officinale var. rubrum , are described. The latter is widely used in Malay traditional medicine. A new combination Z. montana (Koenig) Theil. comb. nov. is proposed based on the rediscovery of some of Koenig's collections from Phuket. Z. griffithii var. citrinum Holtt., and the four vareties of Z. gracile Jack recognized by Holttum have been ranked as species. Key to the species and varieties are provided, as well as species descriptions, distribution and specimen citations. The taxa have as far as possible been typified.

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Year of Publication: 1995, Vol. 47 (01)

Date Published June 1995
Turner, I.M.
Introductory Text [Page 1 - 5]
Abstract:
An annotated check-list of the native and naturalized vascular plant species of Peninsular Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore is presented. The catalogue includes important synonyms, a brief description and notes on the habitat and distribution of each species.

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Turner, I.M.
Conspectus of Families and Genera [Page 7 - 36]
Abstract:
The genera recorded as native or naturalized in Malaya are listed in alphabetical order under the appropriate family. Family delimitation follows Brummitt (1992). Italicized names represent those genera represented solely by naturalized species. The number in parentheses after each generic name represents the numbers of species of that genus in the Malayan flora.  The number of genera, and the number of species, respectively, in each family are given square brackets after each family name.

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Year of Publication: 1995, Vol. 47 (02)

Date Published December 1995
Turner, I.M.
A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya (Part 1 of 2) [Page 347 - 501]
Abstract:
An annotated check-list of the native and naturalized vascular plant species of Peninsular Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore is presented.  The catalogue includes important synonyms, a briet description and notes on the habitat and distribution of each species.

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Turner, I.M.
A Catalogue of the Vascular Plants of Malaya (Part 2 of 2) [Page 502 - 655]
Abstract:
An annotated check-list of the native and naturalized vascular plant species of Peninsular Malaysia and the Republic of Singapore is presented.  The catalogue includes important synonyms, a briet description and notes on the habitat and distribution of each species.

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Year of Publication: 1995, Supplementary Vol.03

Date Published 1995

Year of Publication: 1994, Vol. 46 (2)

Date Published December 1994
Turner, I.M., Tan, H.T.W., Chua, K.S., Metcalfe, D.J.
Recent Botanical Collections from the Nature Reserves of Singapore [Page 1 - 36]
Abstract:
A botanical survey of the Nature Reserves in Singapore conducted in 1992-93 resulted in the gathering of more than 2,600 vascular plant specimens. More than 600 species were represented, including two species not previously recorded from Singapore. The results of the survey are discussed in the paper.

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Wong Yew Kwan, Chew Ping Ting, Ali Bin Ibrahim
The Tree Communities of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve, Singapore [Page 37 - 78]
Abstract:
A sample survey was conducted to study the tree communities of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. The forests were stratified into types using vertical aerial photographs. Some 62 sampling units, each about 0.2 ha in size. were laid down in 3 forest types, consisting mainly of secondary forests, of different degrees of maturity, and relatively undisturbed patches of primary forests. The sampling percent was 0.8. 
The trees were measured for girths down to 30 cm and identified down to species. In all 7,462 trees were sampled and these were found to belong to 499 species, 46 of which could not be identified. The sample netted in some 20 species of dipterocarps with 154 individuals. A surprising discovery is the presence of 3 Shorea curtisii in a patch of primary Lowland Dipterocarp Forest, sensu Symington (1941) north of MacRitchie Reservoir. The species is not known to be associated with this forest type in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. .Another distributional record is the discovery of 2 trees of Shorea ochrophloia in another patch of primary forest, though not within the sample. This belongs to the Heavy Hardwood (Balau) Group of the genus Shorea and so far none of its members has been recorded in Singapore. Based on the trends of the species-area curves, the sample appears to have netted in most of the secondary forest species but the primary stands are likely to yield many more species if an inventory of a higher intensity of sampling is carried out.  Stand tables are given to show the distribution of the species in each forest type. Fifty-two species were found to be common to all the three forest types, their being no dipterocarps amongst them, as expected. The stands from the relatively undisturbed patches of primary forests were compared with those of Bukit Timah. In terms of species complexity some stands of forests of the two places compare well with one another, but in terms of stand densities, and absolute number of species per unit area, the stands of the Catchment Reserve appear to be better than those of the Bukit Timah forests. The secondary forests of the Reserve are supposed to have been developed on degraded soil. The present edaphic conditions are good.

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Lim, A.L., Prakash, H.
Embryology and Development in the Winged Bean, Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [Page 79 - 92]
Abstract:
In Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC the anther is tetrasporangiate. Its wall development usually conforms to the Dicotyledonous type but occasionally to the Basic type. Simultaneous cytokinesis in microsporocytes results in tetrahedral microspore tetrads The mature pollen grains are triporate and 2-celled with a reticulate axine. The mature ovule is campylotropus, bitebmic and crassinucellate. The micropyle is zig-zag and formed by both the integuments.  The embryo sac development follows the monosporic Polygonum type. Fertilization is porogamous and triple fusion precedes syngamy. The endosperm development is of the Nuclear type and free-nuclear endosperm haustoria develop in both the micropylar, and chalazal parts. The first two divisions of the zygote are transverse producing a linear 4-celled proembryo, but the subsequent divisions are in various planes. At the early globular stage of the embryo, the suspensor cells become hypertrophied and haustorial. In mature seed, the inner intgument remains 2 or 3 layered, but the outer becomes 15-30 layers and is particularly massive around the micropyle. The thick-walled palisade cells of the seed coat are derived from the outer epidermis of the outer integument, while all the other layers remain parenchymatous.

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Tan, H.T.W., Turner, I.M., Chua, K.S.
A Botanical Survey of Pulau Jong, Singapore [Page 109 - 123]
Abstract:
A botanical survey of Pulau Jong of the Republic of Singapore, a 0.6 ha island off the south coast of Singapore Island, recentlv found at least 38 native vascular plant species which are listed here. Previous botanical records for the island are also collated to bring the recorded number of species now to 52.  The contemporary flora is dominated by beach and secondary forest species. The slight change in the species composition and decline in number compared to observations made by Holttum (1925) are typical of the random fluctuations seen in small island floras.

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Turner, I.M.
Notes on the flora of Malaya: New Records, Overlooked Records and some Nomenclatural Clarification [Page 125 - 130]
Abstract:
Browallia americana L., Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross, Sonchus oleraceus L. and Verbena bonariensis L. must be added to the flora of Malaya, being established as weeds in the highlands. Ranunculus cantoniensis is recorded for the first time for Malaya.  Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. is probably also an established member of the weed flora of the lowlands.  Desmodium obcordatum (Miq.) Kurz. is native to the far north of Peninsular Malaysia.  Alsomitra macrocarpa (Blume) M. Roem. was not included in earlier Malayan floras, but has been collected from the lowland forests of several states in the Peninsula. Two species of Maclura occur in Malaya.  Begonia perakensis var. rotubdata Irmsch. is reduced to the type variety of the species. Phrynium pubinerve Blume is the correct name for the widespread lowland forest Maranta referred to previously as Phrynium malaccense Ridl. or Phrynium capitatum Willd.

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Turner, I.M., Tan, H.T.W., Chua, K.S.
Additions to the Flora of Singapore, II. [Page 131 - 135]
Abstract:
Seven species of vascular plants not previously reported for the flora of the Republic of Singapore are listed in this paper. Three of these, the epiphytic orchid Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J.Sm., the icacinaceous liana Iodes cirrhosa Turcz. and the leguminous sea-shore shrub Sophora tomentosa L., are apparently overlooked native species.  The other four, the sedge Cyperus difformis L., the fern Pteris semipinnata L., and the Leguminous shrubs Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban and Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pior., are naturalized exotic species.

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