Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
During my stay at Singapore, from 1942 to 1945, it was quite unexpected to find that there were such various growth-forms of trees compared with the temperate region.  In temperate countries deciduous trees are clearly distinguishable from the evergreen, and leaf-fall is in accordance with the winter.  Even a slight fluctuation of chilly weather affects the date of leaf-fall, so that the exacting influence of the climate is conspicuous.  This hold true, also, in the monsoon region with a dry season. In Singapore, most trees are naturally evergreen, and some of them are evergrowing in accordance with the favourable climate, but most of the evergreen are intermittent in their growth and some are even deciduous in spite of so uniform a climate, though the bare spell is very short and the flowering or fruiting may go on during that time. Besides, there are some trees, in which the leafing, flowering, etc. are different according to individual branches or stocks. So we can see among trees every possible transition of growth-form from the evergrowing to the deciduous.  Another peculiarity to be pointed out in Singapore is that the leaf-fall does not coincide with the calender year. Beside those which shed leaves once, twice, or thrice seasonally every year, there are those that shed leaves from every several months to more than one year non-seasonally. Yet there is no exacting change of climate to enforce this leaf-fall, since other trees or even other stocks of the same species remain clad with a green crown. To elucidate why such diverse behaviour of the tree-growth is displayed was the chief aim of the present investigation. The periodicity of tree-growth is a natural consequence of the activity of the growing point. But before discussing the detail, it is necessary first to consider the climatic character of the region. As to general features, one may refer to manuals of climatology and related literature.    

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
Among some unidentified sedges from the Malay Peninsula kindly sent to me for identification, I found two sheets of Juncusprismatocarpus R.BR., collected by H. M. BURKILL in the Cameron Highlands. It seems wothwhile to mention these collections in a short note, as up to the present Juncaceae were unknown from the Malay Peninsula.  Juncus primatocarpus extends from Ceylon through S.E. Asia to Japan and Kamtchatka, and southward to Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand.  In Malaysia it is known from N. Sumatra, West and Central Java, the Philippines, and New Guinea (see BACKER in Flora Mal. I, 4: 213. 1951).

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
There are six species and four varieties in the genus Gymnacranthera. Some taxonomists may prefer to regard the varieties as subspecies since they occupy only certain geographical areas in some reasonable distributional pattern. One of the six species, namely G. farquhariana (Hk. f. et Th.) Warb., synonym G. canarica (King) Warb., is confined to southern India, while the rest are Malaysian. I have already dealt with the Malay Peninsula species in Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 16 (1958) 434 in which publication will be found descriptions and details of distribution in Malaya. The distribution of these Malayan species outside Malaya is dealt with now in the present paper but descriptions and other details are not repeated. Descriptions, however, are given for the remaining species which do not occur in the Malay Peninsula. Species on loan from a few herbaria were received after my paper "A Revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae" went to the press so these are briefly enumerated in the present account under Malay Peninsula, extra specimens. These herbaria are BO, LE and NSW. Vernacular names given here are those used outside Malaya.  The only common vernacular names for Gymnacranthera in Malaya are pendarah, chendarah, penarah, darahan, chendarahan, pendarahan and penarahan and these are equally applicable to the other genera of the Myristicaceae. It is not necessary therefore, to repeat them under each species. In this paper the following receive new status:- G. crassinervis is reduced to a variety of G. forbesii and G. zippeliana to a variety of G. paniculata. The following are reduced to synonyms of G. paniculata var. paniculata :- G. acuminata and G. macrobotrys, while G. suluensis is made a synonym of G. paniculata var. zippeliana.    

Book Review

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
An account is given of 125 species and forms of Eugleninae found in Malaya, of which 11 are described for the first time. The Eugleninae form a very important part of the micro-flora in standing freshwater in Malaya, particularly where there is a great deal of organic decay going on, or where the water harbours an abundant plant-growth. Indeed, they maybe so abundant as to colour the water, for example, the brick red scums so common on Chinese fish-ponds, and on newly flooded rice-fields, are almost entirely due to Euglena sanguinea Ehrenberg. However, despite their abundance, the Eugleninae have been very little studied here, and I have been able to find reference to only three species in all the literature on the Malayan freshwater micro-flora. This is because the amount of algological work which has been done in Malaya has been very limited, and most of it has been carried out on preserved material taken to laboratories elsewhere. The Eugleninae on the hand must be studied in the living, and freshly killed state, if sufficiently accurate identification is to be carried out. The present paper deals with 125 species and forms, of which 11 appear to be new. This is certainly not the total number of species to be found in Malaya, and already one two other forms have turned up, differing from those described in this paper, but which will need further study before they can be adequately identified. Slides of the new species and varieties will be deposited in the Herbarium, Botanic Gardens, Singapore. The Eugleninae form a class of flagellates which are highly differentiated, but whose origin are obscure. Characteristically they are naked, without a cellulose cell wall as in the Chlamydomonadaceae of the Chlorophyceae.  The periplast, or bounding membrane of the protoplast may be relatively soft so that the cell may be very metabolic, changing its shape with ease, as in Euglena, or it may be rigid, permitting very little change in shape, as in Phacus. In most cases the periplast is striated, although the striations may be fine or coarse, and in some cases the membrane may be ribbed as well. In Trachelomonas, Strombomonas and Ascoglena, the protoplast is enclosed in a firm envelope, or lorica, usually of very distinctive shape, and the protoplast can often be seen squirming within the envelope. These encapsuled types parallel the occurence of Phacotus in the Chlamydomonadaceae. One genus Colacium, forms attached dendroid colonies, the cells acquiring flagella and leaving the colony only during reproduction. Two species of Euglena also formed attached stages, but they can readily leave the colony, even when not dividing. All the Eugleninae have a large, centrally-placed nucleus, but the most characteristic feature of the class is the vacuolar system. At the anterior end an invagination of the periplast forms a narrow canal, the cytostome, which leads inwards to an enlarged vacuolar swelling, the reservoir.  These are practically always visible, and their presence is indicated by an apical notch, which in some cases may be distinctly one-sided. There may be one or two flagella passing in through the cytostome and terminating at the base of the reservior. In the case of uniflagellate species the single flagellum is forked at the base, where it enters the reservoir, suggesting that biflagellate condition is probably primitive and that the single flagellum has arisen by fusion of two.  (Some authors claim that the flagellar ends extend right down to the nucleus, but evidence on this point is both varied and confusing). In all the Eugleninae the products of assimilation appear as solid, often quite large granules of paramylum, either as rods, discs, rings or other shapes, the shape usually being constant for a particular species. Paramylum is a polysaccharide, allied to starch. but which does not stain with iodine or chlorzinc-iodide, is insoluble in boiling water, but which will dissolve in concentrated sulphuric acid or in potash. The Eugleninae can divided quite naturally into the pigmented forms, comprising the family Euglenaceae, which contain chloroplasts and are usually green in colour, and the colourless forms consisting of the two families Astasiaceae and Peranemaceae.  Cyclidiopsis Korschikow, which is usually separated in the family Cyclidiopsidaceae, is completely devoid of chloroplasts, but possesses a stigma; it shows such close resemblance to species of Euglena that perhaps it ought to be included in the Euglenaceae. Some species of Euglena have been observed to lose their chloroplasts and live saprophytically under special cultural conditions. The Astasiaceae are without stigma (except Khawkinia Jahn & McKibben) and chloroplasts and live saprophytically, but one or two species of Astasia come very close to colourless forms of Euglena. The Peranamaceae are decidedly more specialised, showing a marked tendency towards holozoic nutrition. There is in most cases a special organ, the siphon, which in some cases appears as two short parallel rods next to the cytostome and reservoir. In Entosiphon it forms a cone shaped tube running nearly the full length of the cell, and capable of being extruded (fig. 8k). The function of these structures is still obscure, and they have been variously described as pumping organs, or the means of ingestion of solid particles. For the purpose of identification I have largely depended on the following works:  "Das Phytoplankton des Susswassers" Vol. iv  'Euglenophyceen' by Huber-Pestalozzi 1955, "The genus Euglena" by Gojdics 1953, "Materiaux pour un Monographie de Trachelomonas, Strombomonas et Euglena" by Conrad & van Meel 1952, "Etude systematique du genre Lepocinclis" by Conrad 1935, "Synopsis der gattung Phacus" by Pochmann 1942, and various papers by Deflandre, Skvortzow, Playfair and others. In some genera there has been a tendency for the Malayan specimens to be larger than those elsewhere, whereas in some other genera they have been smaller.  Such size variations, unless they are very marked, are not of great significance, especially when we know so little about nutrition and growth of these organisms. In such cases I have preferred to retain the Malayan specimens under the species name rather than separate them as varieties.                      

Abstract:
The account was originally prepared and drafted at Singapore, but later corrected after a visit to Leiden in April and May 1956, where many valuable Malaysian collections are housed. After seeing these collections and others at Florence, Geneva, Munich, Kew, the British Museum and Edinburgh, the author is firmly convinced that a "regional flora" not only of the Myristicaceae but all of groups cannot be satisfactory, unless the species of the whole adjacent Malaysian region are also examined. Much was learnt about geographical distribution and many species thought to be confined to Malaya were found to occur in Sumatra and Borneo. Several of the specific names in the original draft had to be altered as a result of these visits, some more may yet have to be changed when specimens from the whole Malaysian region are examined carefully. These name changes will affect polymorphic species with a wide distribution range, which have been given many different names throughout the region.  Thus, while realizing that it would have been better to have revised Myristicaceae for the whole of the Malayan region before attempting the local acount, the latter is now published, as the full revision will take some time to prepare.  The family Myristicaceae is a difficult one and many mistakes have been made in identifying species. This is due to the following reasons: The trees are dioecious and female flowers are often scarcer than the male.  The leaves are often similar in form and texture, especially in Myristica, so that one has to be able to correlate male flowers, female flowers and fruit of a single species. The keys are lengthy as there are many species in each genus and if not well constructed, they may be misleading. The brief accounts of the early authors such as Miquel and Roxburgh, founded often on insufficient material, have caused much trouble. The types of the New Guinea material, housed at Berlin, were destroyed by bombs during the war in March 1943. A few duplicates of these types are to be found in Breslau and elsewhere and it is hoped that others can still be located. This deplorable loss makes the work of identifying new material from New Guinea extremely difficult.

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
I first found Croton hirtus, an alien of Tropical America, in Johore on 20th. August, 1954, growing by the roadside (17 1/2 mile Johore- Kota Tinggi Road) among grass but not in any quantity. On 21st. November, 1954, I again found it, this time in abundance by the Kelanatan river near Kota Bahru in sweet potato patches on the sandy river bank. The specimens were sent to Kew and identified by Mr. Lewis L. Forman. In April 1955, I received specimens of Croton hirtus from Selangor, sent by Mr. P. R. Wycherley of the Rubber Research Institute of Malaya for identification.  He informs me that it was first collected by Dr. E. D. C. Baptist on 7th. july, 1954 at Bukit Rajah Estate, Klang. That specimen is retained by the Rubber Research Institute in their herbarium but subsequent material collected by Wycherley from Bukit Rajah Estate on 22nd. April is now preserved in Herb. Singapore. Wycherley states that Croton hirtus is frequent throughout many acres here and appears to be spreading as its seeds freely and regenerates in bare areas under rubber on the coastal flats. In fact sodium arsenite has been used to spray it and other vegetation under rubber with effect. He again found it on Midlands Estate near Klang.  The material in Herb. Singapore from Sungei Buloh was collected on 10th. March, 1955 by Mr. V. K. Bhaskaran Nair while making a survey of vegetation at the Rubber Research Institute Experiment Station. Here it was fairly frequent in sandy soil in association with Trichilaena rosea, Mimosa pidica, Centrosema pubescens, Passiflora foetida, Cyperus compressus and Borreria latifolia. Croton hirtus occurs in Java and has been there for many years. There is evidence that it was in Malaya much earlier than the above records indicate. There is one sheet in Herb. Singapore, stamped 30th. April, 1936. The label has no data except Croton sp. and the printed heading "Herbarium Rubber Research Institute of Malaya". As Croton hirtus is likely to spread and to appear in the other states of Malaya, it would be interestring to know of any furhter distribution. Since the work in which the original description appeared is available to very few botanists in the region and since none of the Malayan floras mentions it, a description and drawing made from living plants are here appended.      

Abstract:
This paper is the result of the examination of some of Carr's New Guinea Annonaceae and certain other type specimens of Annonaceae kindly sent on loan from the Botanisches Museum, Berlin. Four new species are described here, namely Artabotrys arachnoides, Pseuduvaria lignocarpa, P. nova-guineensis and P. sessilifolia while eleven new combinations are made. These combinations include two Orophea species transferred to Pseuduvaria and Alphonsea, seven Orophea species transferred to Pseuduvaria and two Mitrephora species transferred to Pseuduvaria. The result now, is that every single species in Orophea mentioned by Diels in Engler's Botanische Jahrbucher volume 49 (1912) pages 157 - 161 has been transferred to other genera, two to Alphonsea and the rest to Pseuduvaria. It should be noted that Orophea aurantiacea Miq. has already been removed to Pseuduvaria by Merrill (see Philipp. Journ. Sc. Bot. 10: 4 (1915) 255 ) and O. dielsiana to Pseuduvaria by me (see Gardens' Bull. Singapore 14 (1955) 403). The differences between Orophea and Pseuduvaria are clearly defined in the table on page 391 of the Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore, volume 14.  Orophea has 6 - 12 miliusoid stamens while in Pseuduvaria the stamens are uvarioid and numerous. It is quite obvious, therefore, that something is wrong when Diels states in his key on page 157 - "stamens much more than 15." This statement suits Pseuduvaria admirably but is absurd for Orophea. Apart from the stamens, the other distinguishing characters of Diels' so-called Orophea species were in complete agreement with those of the genus Pseuduvaria and so the transfer to this genus of these Orophea species is effected. On examining Orophea stenogyna and O. ovata it was also found they are misfits in the genus Orophea and must go into Alphonsea. They cannot be placed in Orophea since the petals are saccate at the base, and the inner are not mitriform; the stamens too, have apiculate, produced connectives. These are all distinguishing features of Alphonsea. Thanks is due to the Director of the Botanisches Museum, Berlin for the loan of certain types.  It is hoped at a later date to publish part 2 of this series but more material has yet to be studied.          

Abstract:
In this short paper I make one new combination, Meiogyne subsessilis (Ast), one new name, Mitrella dielsii, and one new variety, Goniothalamus macrophyllus var. siamensis. These concern Annonaceae from Indo-China, Borneo and Siam respectively.

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
This paper is a continuation of a previous one with the same title, published in the Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore, Vol. 14, Part 1, August 1953. In the present one, eighten species are listed as new to Singapore. Five of these are new to Malaya as well, namely: Halorrhagis chinensis, Stemodia verticillata, Cymodocea isoetifolia, C. rotundata and C. serrulata.  Halorrhagis is very probably native, Stemodia is introduced and the three Cymodocea species are native. Of the eighteen, twelve are at least native and the other six introduced.  Singapore Island has been well explored botanically for many years and it is somewhat surprising that we should still find twelve more native species, seven of which are forest plants. It is not surprising to record six introduced plants and more can be expected to arrive in future years with the ever-extending cultivation. On the other hand many of our native plants must disappear, unfortunately, as more and more land is used for building houses, aerodromes, military barracks, quarries and factories. A considerable area has been cleared of vegetation and built on since Part 1 of this paper was written. It is gratifying, however, that the few plants, mentioned in the second part of this paper are not yet extinct and though rare, are still part of our local botanical heritage. A new name, Ardisia rudis J. Sinclair, is given for the Malayan A. ferruginea Mez, there being already another plant called A. ferruginea H. B. & K.

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
This paper is an outcome of a study of the Peninsular material of Calamus in the Singapore herbarium. With the aid of specimens having all their components numbered carefully in the field by Mr. E. J. H. Corner and myself, it was possible to detect a good many mixtures in the herbarium and to clarify the systematic status of some species hitherto obscure or confused. Some large solitary stemmed species are not yet well represented in the herbarium, either because they are confused with others in the field, or because the paucity of flowers or fruits on each plant deters one from spending much time and labour needed in felling forest trees to get specimens from such large rattans.  Collections from such species are best made at a time when the forestry department is removing useful timber from felling areas. On the other hand collectors do not seem to recognise readily the specific distinctions existing in smaller rattans that are common on mountains, so that the insufficient material in herbaria suggests that the collectors have been afraid of making unnecessary duplicates; sometimes material from different plants of these species is also found mixed, a little from each, obviously with the intention of showing the male and female flowers, fruit or other relevant parts of what collectors considered as representing the same species.  Carefully numbered specimens of these rattans are, therefore, still required to clarify their status and affinities, and to show the range of variation within each species. To be useful for critical studies, a rattan specimen should have the following parts ; leaf-sheaths to show the armature and the presence or absence of a flagellum (see below) and of the knee-like swelling (geniculum) at the base of the petiole; a portion to show the size of the petiole and its armature; portions of leaf-lamina to show the variation and the arrangement in leaflets and the way the leaf terminates; the peduncle to show its size and armature; parts of the spadix to show the variation ad armature in its different parts and also to show the way it ends; and portions of the juvenile or the radicle leaf to show its deviations from the normal adult leaf. Since large specimens cannot be mounted in the herbarium, they should be cut into convenient sized portions, but every bit from the same plant (or clump) should have a tag bearing common number of the collection, letters being added to the number to indicate any deviation from the normal adult form. Field notes should include all information needed for the correct sorting and labelling of the different parts of the specimen. It would be however of great benefit to include in the notes particulars concerning the size, habit, habitat, and any other peculiarity that characterises the plant in the field but which cannot be observed in small bits of herbarium specimens. It is important never to mix specimens taken from two distinct individuals (or clumps) even when these two individuals (or clumps) appear to be specifically identical in the field. Without proper clues it is not easy for systematics to sort such mixtures in the herbarium, and so many taxonomic confusions have been the result. Foresters will also prefer to have three or four samples of canes each about 40 - 50 cm. long bearing the number of the collection; these will help to coordinate the economic data of the canes under their botanical names.      

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
Among the bamboos from the Malay Peninsula in the Singapore herbarium is one from Gunong Pulai which has florets arranged as in Bambusa, and ovaries hardly distinguishable from those of Bambusa, but a specialized inflorescence-structure more like that of Arundinaria. The essential characters of this specimen are found also in Bambusa gibbsiae Stapf from Mt. Kinabalu in North Borneo. and in three other Bornean specimens, two from Kinabalu and one from G. Temabok in Sarawak, which represent undescribed species. All these together appear to me to form a natural genus, which I propose to call Racemobamboos, because the spikelets are borne in a small raceme at the end of a leafy branch. When describing Bambusa gibbsiae, Stapf stated that he would have placed it in the genus Arundinaria but for the presence of six stamens and "the shape of the pistil". He described the ovary as stipulate, subglobosee, bearing a style divided almost to the base into three parts. I believe however that Stapf misinterpreted the structure, and that the stalk-like part is true ovary (containing the ovule), the swollen hairy upper part being a sort of appendage bearing three stigmas. In some species of Bambusa almost exactly the same structure occurs (e.g., B. polymorpha), but sometimes there is a distinct style bearing three stigmas (B. vulgaris). It appears that in Bambusa the upper part of the ovary, bearing the style (whether much wider than the base of the ovary or not ) is always rather fleshy and hairy; in the fruit this upper part forms a fleshy part of the pericarp, easily separable from the top of the seed, the lower part of the ovary wall remaining thin and more closely adherent to the seed. In Bambusa gibbsiae the hairy stigma-bearing part is wider in proportion to the ovary proper than is usual in Bambusa. (A still more exaggerated condition is found in the genus Chloothamnus, in which the stigma-bearing part is a broad-based cone seated on top of a narrowly cyclindrical ovary and remaining as a distinct structure in the fruit. Chloothamnus is specialized also in having a reduced spikelet; but I believe it is related to Bambusa, and have dealt with it in a separate paper in Kew Bulletin No. 4, 1955, pp. 591 - 594).  In its ovary therefore Bambusa gibbsiae is not clearly different from true Bambusa species; and it agrees also in having several florets in each spikelet, the rachilla-internodes fairly long, and in having a rudimentary terminal floret. The rachilla is not so strongly flexuous as in Arundinaria, nor are the lemmas so wide as is normal in that genus.  The difference from true Bambusa comes at the base of spikelet, and in the arrangement of the spikelets.          

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
When the seeds of Fagraea fragrans Roxb. are extracted from their berries, washed thoroughly, dried and placed on damp filter paper, soil or any other media they do not germinate. Gardeners in Singapore obtain germination by squashing the whole berry and placing it in a pot of soil. It seems possible that the tissue which surrounds the seed in the berry contains some substance which is essential for the germination of these seeds.  An investigation was made to determine more exactly the conditions necessary for germination and for their rapid growth under laboratory conditions. This led to investigation of three other plants with juicy fruits :- Melastoma malabathricum L, Muntingia calabura L. and Duranta plumieri Jacq. The seed-coats of all four species of plants investigated are readily permeable to water.  Except for Duranta plumieri Jacq. the seeds themselves are very small in size and counts of number of seeds germinated were made with a binocular microscope.

Abstract:
No abstract

Book Review

Abstract:
No major publications on the Malayan Annonaceae have appeared after King and Ridley's accounts. Since their time much herbarium material has accumulated and it is now desirable to revise the family. We should be grateful to these authors and to all the other pioneers for their writings on the subject.  We are now more fortunate than they since this lapse of time has placed at our disposal more facts, more material and new scientific concepts. The prresent is another account but it cannot pretend to be comprehensive. There are still too many disturbing and puzzling questions to be solved but it is hoped to solve some of them in the future. Where more information is required or where certain statements appear to be doubtful, then such points are mentioned in the notes after the description of the species. There are still some imperfectly known species lacking either flower or fruit. A good deal of living material has been seen when such was available, it was possible to add colour notes not mentioned in any of the text-books or papers. More material is still required. There are several species which have only once been collected and it is essential to know more about their distribution. Flowers are more important than fruits for identification while sterile material is sometimes not of much use. In some cases as is pointed out later, it is of no value.  

Abstract:
While studying specific affinities in the genus Calamus with the view to revising the Malayan material in the Singapore herbarium, a few species were noticed to be so anomalous as to justify their separation from Calamus; and as they do not form a uniform group, two new genera have been proposed here, namely Cornera and Schizospatha. The first genus is named after Dr. E. J. H. Corner of the University of Cambridge, England, who, when Assistant Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore contributed much to our knowledge of the Malayan vegetation in general; the second name has been coined to emphasize the fact that in this calamoid genus the spadix branches emerge by puncturing the spathes. The species in both these genera are climbing and their spadices are much abbreviated, in Cornera terminating each in a short filiform appendix.  None of the species are cirriferous, but one species in Cornera (C. conirostris) produces a short cirrus which however bears also abbreviated leaflets to make the leaves sub-cirriferous in the terminology adopted for describing rattans.  The primary spathes, though in texture and armature reminding one of Daemonorops and of its relatives, are conspicuously tubular at least in part, the leaf-sheaths are flagelliferous and the female calyx is as nearly as long as the corolla - three characters that show the clear affinities of these two genera with Calamus. The primary spathes in Cornera are armed, coriaceous, ventricose or inflated towards the apex which in each spathe terminates often in an ear-shaped limb having a long or short beak. The primary branches of the spadix have each a stout axis which, growing ina straight line with the main axis below, appears as if it were the continuation of the latter, while the main axis above is so much more slender than the branch-axis that it appears to be a true branch - characters not known to ocur in any other calamoid genus.  The axes of the spikelets which are short and congested in each spadix-branch, are also thick; and the flowers (male and female) and the fruit are also very much larger than in any other rattan genus. The fruit scales are not channelled in the middle. The spadices in Schizospatha are much more abbreviated than those in Cornera and do not have a filiform appendix at the end. The primary spathes are papyraceous, often fragile, imbricate, longer than the included internode and the axillary branch, and gradually shorter towards the end of the spadix; this means that each spathe covers partly or entirely the one above, and that the longest internode and the largest spathe are the lowermost in the spadix, and the shortest are at the apex.  Often the terminal portion of the spadix is abnormal; this may contain two or more spathes which though amplexicaul at the base, are open and cymbiform, each subtending in its axil an abortive or fertile spikelet. This entire abnormal part is wholly enclosed, before anthesis, in a large cymbiform, amplexicaul spathe. The tubular primary spathes do not dehisce but remain closed eo that the spadis branches with their spikelets emerge by puncturing their respective axillant spathe on its dorsal side, a mode of orientation for sssspadix branches not known in any other rattan genus. Later, as the spikelets develop and the spadix bends, the spathes become torn and appear to have dehisced naturally, but the basal spathes will often reveal the true mode of emergence of the spadix branches. The spathes maybe entirely unarmed or occasionally the lowermost spathe is armed at the base and obscurely so in the lamina.          

Abstract:
A short account was given in 1949 (this bulletin 12, pp. 404 -407) of a book of illustrations of Malacca medicinal plants presented in 1827 to the Royal Asiatic Society by Lieut.-Col. William Farquhar.  A second book exists and is the subject of this note.  William Farquhar, it will be remembered, was the first resident and Commandant of Singapore; he had been resident of Malacca previously and while there had employed a Chinese artist to make for him illustrations of useful plants in an attempt to learn to know them. His second book may be divided into three sections; the first rattans, the second results of an ascent of Mount Ophir, and the third trees valuable for their timber or resins. I have attempted to identify his plants portrayed as there is an interest in knowing on what jungle produce Malacca was living. The artist excelled in painting foliage; and twigs must have been brought to him for the purpose. Some of the trees he may have known in the forest but he did not attempt to paint them from life; instead he drew and coloured trunks and branches in what maybe called diagrams. There is only one representation of a flower and that erroneous and three of the fruit. A Malay wrote in arabic characters the plant names except where I indicate this below. These names and the foliage are in truth all that a botanist has to guide him in determinating the plants.  Farquhar was proud of his attempt and took the drawings with him in December 1818 when he went under instructions to join Raffles at Penang; and William Jack was shown them, who commented to Wallich in a letter that 'they are deficient in many essential points .... but will be extremely useful as a guide, by taking the native names .... and making enquiries accordingly'. Farquhar later showed them to Wallich who made some shots at naming a few. This would be in 1822 in which year Wallich resided for a short time in Singapore. Someone, propably Farquhar himself, showed them to Lindley whose handwriting is against one. This would be in London and just before thery were given to the Asiatic Society.

Abstract:
Singapore is situated 1 17" North latitude on the South side of Singapore Island. It has very uniform temperature, high humidity and copious rainfall (Colony of Singapore Annual Report). The mean temperature of the coolest month (December) is only 3F lower than the hottest (May). The absolute minimum is 70F and the absolute maximum 93F, but these are rarely reached. The normal range is 75 - 80F on a wet day and 74 - 89F on a dry day.  (Holttum, 1953). The rainfall is between 85 and 118 inches per year. Its distribution varies from year to year, but there is a maximum fall in the months December - January and generally a short period of drier and windy weather in late January or February. However, a month in which less than 2.5" rainfalls is rare, and occurs about every two years in the February - March or July - September periods.  Crocker and other workers at the Boyce Thompson Institute have made extensive investigations on the conditions most favourable for the storage of seeds and have found that most seeds require a low temperature and a low moisture content. (Crocker, 1948). The climate of Singapore maybe expected to be unfavourable since the temperature and humidity are relatively high.  Moreover, Singapore is characterised by having a continuous growing season. During the whole year the conditions are favourable for germination. The ability for seeds to undergo a period of dormancy during unfavourable conditions (as in temperate or monsoon climates) is not an essential feature for the survival of plants grown here. However, a large number of locally grown plants have been imported from other more seasonal climates and have seeds which normally undergo a resting period before germination takes place. Some such seeds may require a period of 'after-ripening' before germination can occur. It may be that the climate is not suitable for this to take place and seed propagation of such plants cannot occur here.  It is propable that the majority of seeds germinate shortly after they reach the ground, but it is interesting to investigate the survival period of those which may have fallen in a place unfavourable for germination. Such results are also interesting from the horticultural point of view since a gardener may not find it convenient to plant freshly gathered seed immediately. Seeds which do not degenerate under Singapore conditions in storage can be safely stored until required.      

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
The following paper gives a list of thirty-seven species new to the flora of Singapore. Twelve of these are new to the flora of Malaya as well.  Seventeen are native and twenty are not native. Of the twelve new to Malaya, three are native and nine are not. Some of the species new to Singapore were not actually obtained in the island itself but in the small islands situated to the south which are included in the Colony of Singapore. The nearest island to the coast of Singapore is Pulau Samulun, roughly about one-eighth of a mile away. The second nearest is Pulau Damar Laut, about a quarter of a mile distant. The farthest, Pulau Pawai and P. Senang are some eight and nine miles away. Of the thirty seven species, eleven were found in these islands and are not known to occur in Singapore. A further four were found in these islands but they also occur in Singapore. Of these fifteen are native and five not. The majority of these islands do not appear to have been visited by botanists since there are no plant records from them mentioned in Ridley's Flora and further there are no herbarium specimens preserved in the Herbarium of the Singapore Botanic Gardens.  This is probably the reason why they have yielded such a large number of new records.  One of them, Pulau Busing  where Cordia subcordata was obtained, is a mere strip of uninhabited mangrove which one might think scarcely worth while visiting. In the flora of these islands we find some of the elements of the east coast flora of Malaya and it is possible that seeds of some of the species were carried by the sea from the north. This paper also deals with a few species which were collected long ago and which are now probably extinct in their former localities. New localities are given for them. Finally there are four species which have ben previously recorded but there are either no exact localities or no herbarium specimens preserved.      

Abstract:
In the course of a revision of Malayan Annonaceae, I have at the same time for comparative purpose examined some Siamese Annonaceae kindly lent to me by the Department of Agriculture, Bangkok. As a result there are several new records of species which are not listed in Craib's 'Florae Siamensis Enumeratio'. Several new combinations and nomenclatural changes also have to be made. The species marked with an asterisk are new to Siam.

Abstract:
In the course of a revision of Malayan Annonaceae, I have at the same time for comparative purposes examined a good many Indian and Burmese species. As a result of this certain new combinations are necessary to bring the nomenclature up-to-date. These new combinations as well as some miscellaneous comments now follow.

Abstract:
Daemonorops is a genus of rotans so closely allied to Calamus that it was often regarded as a section of the latter. This is because Calamus is comparatively a polymorphic genus with sections having characters very near those of Daemonorops. However the one character by which a Daemonorops species maybe readily distinguished from that of Calamus lies in the function of the spadices, which in Daemonorops never serve as climbing organs. Consequently the spadices are generally short, never show a tendency to become long and whip-like or to produce a whip-like appendage (flagellum) at the apex, nor bear on spathes or axes or both, reflexed hooks which are the kind of spines which aid a plant to climb. The spathes moreover all fall off excepting the outermost one which in some cases persists for a long time; even in these cases the persistent basal spathe splits throughout its entire length on the ventral side.  In Calamus, on the other hand, even when the spadices are short and bear no whip-like appendage, the spathes and the axis of the spadix are armed with hooked claws; the spathes are persistent and tubular at least at base. This last character is especially useful in distinguishing from Daemonorops the small species of Calamus which, being acaulescent, may not show even the vestigial hooks and appendices in spadices. In very rare cases, as in C. hypoleucus of India, this tubular base may not be conspicuous because of the shortness of the basal tube and drying out of the spathe; in such instances the fact that the seed albumen is homogeneous also that the secondary spathes are tubular, will clinch the species as of Calamus.